Hello there,
So i'm trying to figure out how to partition my 1gb sd card for the hero rom and ive read about there being a ext3, ext2 and fat 32, but do i need all three or just two of those? If so which ones?
I know paragon partition manager has the option for ext2 and ext3 aswell as linux-swap 2...
Just wondering how much should be given for each?
Fat 32?
and whatever else i need.
Thanks in advance.
upgrade ur recovery to cyanogens 1.4 then use gparted. search. dont need dat program its all done from your fone. supper easy.
also wrong section and its fat32 ext3 and linux-swap 32mbs
Coderedpl said:
Hello there,
So i'm trying to figure out how to partition my 1gb sd card for the hero rom and ive read about there being a ext3, ext2 and fat 32, but do i need all three or just two of those? If so which ones?
I know paragon partition manager has the option for ext2 and ext3 aswell as linux-swap 2...
Just wondering how much should be given for each?
Fat 32?
and whatever else i need.
Thanks in advance.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You need:
Fat32
ext3 - not bigger than 1.5GB...512mb is a good size
linux-swap - anything from 32 to 96...I use 64mb
They must be in that order.
I'm assuming that 1GB card is the one that came with you're phone, if so, don't bother. Buy a branded class 6 card, they're very cheap nowadays. reason being, the phone needs to cache things to the linux-swap partition...that faster the card the better the performance (in theory).
As Hiroots said, partitioning can be done on your phone, look for a guide on using parted (*not* gparted)
Please post in Q&A next time.
How would I upgrade my linux Swap to say 96mb without erasing SD card?
I know there is a way I saw the thread before but now I can't find it.
Thanks
Nick
Also is there a way to upgrade to ext3 or 4 without deleteing content on sd card?
If there is not a way to do this part how would I take apps off sd card and then push them back onto sd card so they run as if installed once again?
Considering I have to re format sd card in order to upgrade to ext3 or 4.
I'm doing my friends sd card for him and he doesnt want to re install apps and plus its knowledge I would like to know
Thanks,
Nick
You would use the resize command in parted to change the swap size. Also, if you use RA's 1.3.2 recovery, you can easily upgrade to ext4 without losing anything
none of the above should cause dataloss as long as its done right
bansawbanchee said:
How would I upgrade my linux Swap to say 96mb without erasing SD card?
I know there is a way I saw the thread before but now I can't find it.
Thanks
Nick
Also is there a way to upgrade to ext3 or 4 without deleteing content on sd card?
If there is not a way to do this part how would I take apps off sd card and then push them back onto sd card so they run as if installed once again?
Considering I have to re format sd card in order to upgrade to ext3 or 4.
I'm doing my friends sd card for him and he doesnt want to re install apps and plus its knowledge I would like to know
Thanks,
Nick
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
If you can, look in to loading an Ubuntu or Gparted live CD. It's makes everything soooo much easier than using parted, and it will allow you to do everything you asked about.
Is moving to 96 a larger or smaller partition than what you have now? And if it is larger, do you have the space to resize it w/o disturbing the other partitions?
PsychoPomp said:
Is moving to 96 a larger or smaller partition than what you have now? And if it is larger, do you have the space to resize it w/o disturbing the other partitions?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I am at 32mb on this specific sd card now. I would like to change it to 64mb and if it runs smoothly change it to 96mb and see how that goes.
-I would prefer to do everything on the phone directly and not on computer.
where could I find these commands in order to change my swappyness?
-I have 2gb ext2 and the rest fat32 on an 8gb card. 32 mb is swap.
-I want to upgrade ext2 to ext4 and then swap from 32mb to 64 mb.
-I want to do all of this without using computer and only parted.
-Also if it happens to be easier to reformat and do it the original way through parted than fine but then where could I find the commands to push apps from root of sd card to the apps2sd area that cyan pulls them from so I dont have to reinstall all apps. I have over 260 apps on this card that are installed and it would be a pain to install agian.
Thanks,
Nick
I have Nookie Froyo installed on a 4GB uSDHC and picked up a faster 8GB uSDHC. I'd like to migrate my "stable" install to the 8GB so that I can use the 4GB for experimental stuff such as Honeycomb (at least until that becomes stable enough to take over as primary). I'm not sure exactly how to do this, though.
It seems like I should be able to put the 4GB card in my PC and pull a raw image using WinImager, then write that to the 8GB card and use a partitioning tool to stretch the last partition out to fill the space, but that only seems to image the boot partition, not everything.
Any help is greatly appreciated, both how to copy the image to another card and how to resize the partitions to take advantage of the additional storage after doing so (if necessary).
I looked for other threads on this topic but couldn't find anything clear enough to follow, but feel free to point me at existing documentation if it already exists.
Clone thread. See general. Maybe two weeks ago..
Sent from my HTC Desire using XDA App
Thanks, Sam. Okay, so I found the following thread that I assume is the one you mean:
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=943164
I still don't quite follow, though. So when I insert the 4GB Froyo SD card into my computer I only see the ~117MB root partition even in utilities like Partition Master. I can instead use your utility to explicitly mount partitions 1-4 when the NC itself is connected to the PC, and I can use Win32DiskImager to read images of those partitions, but I'm not sure how to write those to my 8GB SD card.
Someone else mentions "packing your boot, system, data and sdcard partitions into a .img file", but I'm not sure how to do that. Is that as simple as catting all four files into a single image? Doesn't seem like that would preserve the partition information, though...
Do I just reformat the 8GB SD card, create partitions of the respective sizes in Partition Master, and then write the individual partition images?
Like I said...still confused here. Thanks in advance for any additional info!
For what it's worth, I was able to do this quite easily by purchasing a new SD card reader in which EASEUS Partition Master could see all partitions on my SD card, then using its "Copy Disk" wizard to copy the entire 4GB SD card to the 8GB SD card, and finally resizing the last partition to fill the card. Worked like a charm!
Hello, I'm hoping someone can answer a few questions I have regarding the format of the SD Card for the Android system. - Apologies if this has already been explained on this forum, I did a search but didn't find anything too useful that answered my questions.
(I have knowledge of the linux file-system and swap drives, just unsure of the benifits of this for android).
Currently using a 16GB SanDisk Class4 SD Card.
I'm aware that you can format the SD Card to use as a swap-drive and for use of ext2 file-system.
While searching for info on this I found the following xda link which simply explains how to do this:
http://forum.xda-developers.com/wiki/SD_card_partitioning
My questions are:
1. What are the benifits of having the ext2 file-system? (Would apps stored on SD Card run faster etc?)
2. Do I need to keep a FAT32 partition (as opposed to just having a swap and ext2 partitions without any FAT partition).
3. Does the swap drive greatly improve performance. And is this worth doing on a Class4 SD Card?
Thanks in advance!
Hi.
at the first I must say swat will decrease SD card life.
i recommond you to create EXT3 or EXT4 partition.
1)one of the benefit of EXT partition is your phone storage will not full and its help your phone performance.
2)yes.of course you should have fat32 partition for eg:music-movies...and other files.
3)yes.swap is a very good.and it helps your phone ram.eg:when you play plants vs zombie at the first screen game will exit because of ram and swap will use like ram and its good for gaming.
Thanks for the reply, much apprecaited.
Are you sure I need a FAT32 partition though? Videos, music etc etc can all be saved to ext2/3/4 on a linux OS so I just assumed I could just do away with FAT32 all together?
Is the following just not the same as using an App2SD app?
"1)one of the benefit of EXT partition is your phone storage will not full and its help your phone performance."
Sorry for being a bit fussy but I'd like to fully understand what the Ext/2/3/4 partition is actually used for. Is it just used purely for storage?
Thanks again!
In a short summary (and assuming you are using a Kernel and ROM supporting the features) ...
- "Swap" on a swap partition has its own own "filesystem". The data structures are actually created by "mkswap" and the partition is not directly accessible by the user. If your phone runs low on physical memory unused parts of the memory will be swapped out into the virtual memory to make room for other apps.
Note that this is no "magically increase your RAM" solution. Once swapping occurs it actually slows down the system as the swapped out memory regions need to be copied back into physical memory, sooner or later. It may only help to run "RAM hungry" applications.
- "SD-Ext" is a, most likely, ext2 formatted partition to where Apps you move to the SD (either by Android or App2SD) will go. This increases the amount of apps you can possibly install, but doesn't resolve the problem that apps having widgets or apps that are started during Android boot-up need to reside in the internal phone memory.
- The /sdcard partition where all your user data is being stored should be kept FAT32 (for the simple reason of making a backup of your data by slapping the card into card reader easier - Windows can't read Linux filesystems by default). Some ROMs will allow you to format /sdcard ext3 or ext4 ... the advantage is that ext3/4 (if the mount options are correctly set) may perform a lot better than FAT32, though your mileage may vary.
Roger? ...or do is something still unclear?
Many thanks B.Jay - I'll hit the thanks button after I post this reply! You cleared up all my questions, but just going back to the FAT32 partition;
I use linux as my main OS, so accessing the EXT format partition wouldn't be a problem; Do you know if all ROMs would work without a FAT32 partition and replace it with EXT2/3/4 partition? If you're unsure I can always find out by formatting and loading a rom.
Thanks again, you've been most helpful!
Agenty1609 said:
going back to the FAT32 partition;
I use linux as my main OS, so accessing the EXT format partition wouldn't be a problem; Do you know if all ROMs would work without a FAT32 partition and replace it with EXT2/3/4 partition? If you're unsure I can always find out by formatting and loading a rom.
Thanks again, you've been most helpful!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Linux would, of course, be able to mount a ext partition (even on a SD card put into a card reader).
As for the ROM ... it depends.
The Stock Kernel Modules AddOn of GingerDX introduces ext3 and ext4 modules for the SEMC Stock Kernel, so in theory (I didn't test it!) you should be able to access /sdcard when being formatted ext3/4 - though it could be that you might need to adjust the vold script to properly mount the partition. The modules are mainly for supporting the sd-ext partition for "Apps-to-ext3/4-partition-on-mSD".
There's also alfsamsung's Alfs Kernel which is compatible with GingerDX and some other ROMs. That would be something you could try as well.
Simply look through the ROM threads ... I think MiniCM7 (+nAa's Kernel) should be able to support it, though this could involve some tinkering.
Personally speaking, I only have a ~2GB sd-ext on the SD in my X8 and the rest is a normal FAT32 partition (/sdcard).
yes you need a FAT32 partition.
when you partition your SD card you can move moveable app and games to ext partition.
please dont move app wich they cant move to ext partition.
cause after restart app that you moved to ext will corrupted.
good luck.
Thanks again! I think I'll follow your trend and try the 2GB SD-ext and the rest FAT32.
sd-ext missing!!
hey guys!! I've a small prob, would appreciate some tips. I normally move apps to sd card, if the app is movable by default. if the app is not movable by default, i use this app2sd by droidsail (available in the market) which force moves parts of the app 2 sd card. When I make back ups using xrecovery, i have no problem.
but when I use cwm for back ups, it gives an error saying sd-ext not found and it skips that part of the back up!! so any app I've moved by default or forced moved to sd card doesn't get backed up!! So I presume I have to create a sd-ext partition manually? How do I do it? I do have an sd-ext folder. but its not in sd card. it's in the root. (never had this prob with xrecovery though)
thanks in advance!!
neo_na said:
hey guys!! I've a small prob, would appreciate some tips. I normally move apps to sd card, if the app is movable by default. if the app is not movable by default, i use this app2sd by droidsail (available in the market) which force moves parts of the app 2 sd card. When I make back ups using xrecovery, i have no problem.
but when I use cwm for back ups, it gives an error saying sd-ext not found and it skips that part of the back up!! so any app I've moved by default or forced moved to sd card doesn't get backed up!! So I presume I have to create a sd-ext partition manually? How do I do it? I do have an sd-ext folder. but its not in sd card. it's in the root. (never had this prob with xrecovery though)
thanks in advance!!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Which version of CWM would that be?
Saipro said:
Which version of CWM would that be?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It's cwm 4.0.1.5
THIS MOD IS FOR THE METROPCS VARIANTS ONLY!!!!
Most of you reading this will know me from my AdvancedStock ROM. Well This new mod I created will allow you to mount an External Partition on the external SD Card as the /data partition on the phone allowing for as much space as you want on the phone for all apps, user data, pretty much everything. This mod replaces the usual /data mount point so that the SD Card can take over. It is a little complicated to explain but here goes:
Partition: A specific area of the drive.
Mount Point: Where the Partition is mounted during or after boot.
NAND: Internal Storage
SD Card: Your EXTERNAL SD Card. (Not INTERNAL)
Your phone has whats called partitions on its internal NAND storage device (mmcblk0). This storage device holds the OS, User data, etc. This NAND is what is changed when flashing ROMs, Wiping data, etc. Your phone also has what is call mount points. Mount points, for all intents and purposes, is a sort of folder on the NAND storage that can mount these partitions so your phone boots up, can download things, run apps, etc. This mod changes the /data mount point (Where all USERDATA is stored, like apps, app data, settings, wifi, etc.) to the SD Card(mmcblk1). Doing this mod, you will have 2 partitions on the SD Card, mmcblk1p1 and mmcblk1p2. This mod, in order to be used, requires that the SD Card have TWO(2) partitions. mmcblk1p1(fat32), & mmcblk1p2(ext4). This new kernel will use the mmcblk1p2 partition to store the USERDATA by replacing the mount point that was originally mmcblk0p2 (Or something to that affect). This is done by unpacking the kernel modifing the fstab(File with a list of mount points and partitions).
So at the end of formatting the SD Card the partition table should look something (does NOT need to be exact
----------------------------------------------
| FAT32(500MB) | EXT4(28GB) |
----------------------------------------------
PARTITION 1 | PARTITION 2
mmcblk1p1 | mmcblk1p2
I hope this explination helps everyone under stand exactly what this does. This is not a apps2sd mod, this is a DATA2SD mod. ALL user data, not just apps, will be stored on the SD Card.
Wiki: https://urgero.org/626ExtData
Download: https://www.mediafire.com/?poalj63aubajkd2
Need to Factory Reset (Post MODDED KERNEL install): https://www.mediafire.com/?qaxcyhxusfc1f2u (Flash in TWRP, Not tested)
Download for latest Firmware(1.23.155.0.3): https://www.mediafire.com/?0po4jm2a6k8rx7u
Warnings:
You always run the risk of bricking a device when using non-oem firmware.
Although I have tested this extensively (And currently using it as my Daily Driver) expect bugs.
Under Settings -> Storage you will see "Unavailable/8.00GB" This is fine and can be ignored.
This can cause a bootloop if not used properly. and can Soft-Brick your device.
This process requires the phone to act AS IF it was factory data reset. But it was not. You will need to re-download all your apps, configure the phone again as if you did a factory data reset. This is required because of the new kernel. If you want to revert back to before, just flash the boot from the backup you will be making in the install steps.
Notes before installing:
1. The external data partition MUST be Partition 2 no if ands or buts!
2. This **MAY** cause some lag on the device if the SD Card is class 4 and lower, or if the SD Card is old.
3. The partition SIZES do not matter as long as there are two partitions as explained in the instructions.
4. The Wipe data function in TWRP will STILL BE MAPPED TO THE INTERNAL DATA NOT THE NEW EXTERNAL ONE SO DO NOT WIPE DATA OR FACTORY RESET WILL USING THIS KERNEL OR YOU WILL LOSE THE DATA FROM BEFORE THE KERNEL WAS FLASHED.
Install:
You need TWRP installed, so go to xda forums and install it.
Then boot into TWRP.
Select Backup.
Select Storage Device
Select Micro SD
Select All options and click "Backup"
Wait until it is done.
plug your phone in and in Windows/Linux/Mac go to your phone in a file manager then Phone\TWRP\BACKUPS\<SOME_RANDOM_NUMBERS\todays date and copy everything out of there.
Put htc626s_extData.img on the INTERNAL SD CARD.
Reboot into android and Install AParted
Open it and press the green plus button twice.
For Partition 1: Make sure the file system is fat32, this is important!!!! (Size it how you like) This is required so Android does not bug you about an unsupported filesystem.
For Partition 2: Make the file system ext4(Size it how you like)
Hit "Apply Changes"
Wait and then reboot back into TWRP.
Go to Install -> Then in the bottom right select "Install Image" and browse to the htc626s_extData.img file you downloaded and put on the internal SD Card.
Select "Boot" and install.
wait a second.
then click Reboot System.
First boot up time will be long, but after that it will boot up like a new phone!!! Dont worry, your data is still on the OLD data partition, the phone just does not have access to it.
Enjoy and profit from the new space.
Any question let me know here, PM, or whatever.
Hi, thanks for all the hard work your putting into this phone. I want to try the mod but I already use link2sd (Free version) and link some of my apps to the sd card. So I already have an ext2 partition on my sd card. Can I just flash the kernel and it boots with the second partition mounted and the apps that I already linked with link2sd, still work. Thanks again!!!
ricki13th said:
Hi, thanks for all the hard work your putting into this phone. I want to try the mod but I already use link2sd (Free version) and link some of my apps to the sd card. So I already have an ext2 partition on my sd card. Can I just flash the kernel and it boots with the second partition mounted and the apps that I already linked with link2sd, still work. Thanks again!!!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Unfortunately no. The mod requires a fresh ext4, not ext2, partition.
Can you take screenshot of system storage?
So partition 2 will be acting like internal storage completely or just data for apps? If its completely, couldn't I just dedicate 99% of my external card to partition 2?
---------- Post added at 09:13 AM ---------- Previous post was at 09:12 AM ----------
Or better yet, what is the purpose of each partition?
Will you be adding more features to this Kernel in the future?
talksickisil said:
So partition 2 will be acting like internal storage completely or just data for apps? If its completely, couldn't I just dedicate 99% of my external card to partition 2?
---------- Post added at 09:13 AM ---------- Previous post was at 09:12 AM ----------
Or better yet, what is the purpose of each partition?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
The first partition is there so Android does not bug you about a broken SD card. The second acts as 100% internal storage AND /data.
And yes 99% of the SD card can be for this mod. Or 50% that's up to you.
Screenshot uploaded so you guys can see the amount of apps is over the amount of space this phone used to have.
Quote from OP: An extended explanation of what this mod does:
Partition: A specific area of the drive.
Mount Point: Where the Partition is mounted during or after boot.
NAND: Internal Storage
SD Card: Your EXTERNAL SD Card. (Not INTERNAL)
Your phone has whats called partitions on its internal NAND storage device (mmcblk0). This storage device holds the OS, User data, etc. This NAND is what is changed when flashing ROMs, Wiping data, etc. Your phone also has what is call mount points. Mount points, for all intents and purposes, is a sort of folder on the NAND storage that can mount these partitions so your phone boots up, can download things, run apps, etc. This mod changes the /data mount point (Where all USERDATA is stored, like apps, app data, settings, wifi, etc.) to the SD Card(mmcblk1). Doing this mod, you will have 2 partitions on the SD Card, mmcblk1p1 and mmcblk1p2. This mod, in order to be used, requires that the SD Card have TWO(2) partitions. mmcblk1p1(fat32), & mmcblk1p2(ext4). This new kernel will use the mmcblk1p2 partition to store the USERDATA by replacing the mount point that was originally mmcblk0p2 (Or something to that affect). This is done by unpacking the kernel modifing the fstab(File with a list of mount points and partitions).
So at the end of formatting the SD Card the partition table should look something (does NOT need to be exact
----------------------------------------------
| FAT32(500MB) | EXT4(28GB) |
----------------------------------------------
PARTITION 1 | PARTITION 2
mmcblk1p1 | mmcblk1p2
I hope this explination helps everyone under stand exactly what this does. This is not a apps2sd mod, this is a DATA2SD mod. ALL user data, not just apps, will be stored on the SD Card.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Will a 16gb SD be good enough? It looks like you're using a 32gb SD card. For ext4 partition you have it for 28gb why not 31gb? And can I make fat32 500mb as well? And since you use 28gb.. 8gb is used for nand storage? Can u give me an example for a 16gb SD card for aparted? I will like to make use of all of the 16gb SD. Thanks
kdayyy said:
Will a 16gb SD be good enough? It looks like you're using a 32gb SD card. For ext4 partition you have it for 28gb why not 31gb? And can I make fat32 500mb as well? And since you use 28gb.. 8gb is used for nand storage? Can u give me an example for a 16gb SD card for aparted? I will like to make use of all of the 16gb SD. Thanks
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
The sizes can be what ever you want. as long as the 2nd partition is ext4. thats all you really need to worry about.
But here is an example:
Partition 1:
Filesystem: fat32
Size: 500MB
Partition 2:
Filesystem: ext4
Size: 1100MB
It is really that simple. I am using a 32GB SD Card, and have it split so that there is an 8GB is fat32 for Pictures I take and other misc Windows based programs I use with my phone.
But you do what you want. But once you set the sizes and go through Android's Setup, you cannot resize them.
Man I can't wait to get to a computer and try this out. Man, with xposed finally working it really couldn't have came at a better time. I'm down to about 327 mb of free space in the internal storage.. 8gb of total internal space was a horrible decision by HTC. I understand the phone is a budget buy but 8gb is downright insulting in 2015 on a lollipop device. But let me stop that miniature rant now. I did notice that my 32gb card I bought 3 phones ago is only class 4. Hopefully it doesn't lag like you mentioned could possibly be the case.. And if it is the case, I'm going to upgrade my micro SD card to a higher storage level and class level. I really need to get this mod working, and working optimally. In my opinion, if all goes correctly it will be a major upgrade to the phone and be a solution for my single biggest issue about this phone.
talksickisil said:
Man I can't wait to get to a computer and try this out. Man, with xposed finally working it really couldn't have came at a better time. I'm down to about 327 mb of free space in the internal storage.. 8gb of total internal space was a horrible decision by HTC. I understand the phone is a budget buy but 8gb is downright insulting in 2015 on a lollipop device. But let me stop that miniature rant now. I did notice that my 32gb card I bought 3 phones ago is only class 4. Hopefully it doesn't lag like you mentioned could possibly be the case.. And if it is the case, I'm going to upgrade my micro SD card to a higher storage level and class level. I really need to get this mod working, and working optimally. In my opinion, if all goes correctly it will be a major upgrade to the phone and be a solution for my single biggest issue about this phone.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I'd recommend a class 6 or 10 I don't think this phone supports an SD card larger than 64GB so be warned on that aspect. A brand new card would also be better.
sandix said:
I'd recommend a class 6 or 10 I don't think this phone supports an SD card larger than 64GB so be warned on that aspect. A brand new card would also be better.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks for the tip. Like I said, I will try it out on my current card first. I'll report back the results once I do. I just need to get to a computer already! My laptop is at my moms house. I will be over there today for the holiday. Hopefully I remember to get it. By the way merry Christmas man! Thanks again
talksickisil said:
Thanks for the tip. Like I said, I will try it out on my current card first. I'll report back the results once I do. I just need to get to a computer already! My laptop is at my moms house. I will be over there today for the holiday. Hopefully I remember to get it. By the way merry Christmas man! Thanks again
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
How'd the card react to the mod?
Thanks sandix this looks awesome. I have a class 4 sd but am going to try this when I get my class 10 in the mail. My manual says this phone supports sd cards up to 200gb. Hope I can use all that .
Wow. Yes if the phone supports 200GB then you can use 99.99% of that. (Some factors come into play like the SD card will have dead spots in it it will probably be closer to like 196GB, as well as the fat32 partition you need.) Post screenshots as well as results
Sent from my HTC Desire 626s using Tapatalk
sandix said:
How'd the card react to the mod?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I still haven't gotten around to the PC yet.. I'm not sure if I need this actually.. For a few days I've had xposed mod xinternal sd and well, check out the screen shot
Are you familiar with this module? I've never used it before.. But I have plenty of app space now. Finally I have everything I want installed coexisting all at the same time
No issues so far
That's a good module, but it's not doing what you think it does. It will work for awhile but you will find that you will run out of space because of apk size.
Sent from my HTC Desire 626s using Tapatalk
Thanks for the heads up. I figured it's worth a try. If I have issues I'll remove it. I updated the screenshot. It says I have 32 removable apps right now.
sandix said:
Wow. Yes if the phone supports 200GB then you can use 99.99% of that. (Some factors come into play like the SD card will have dead spots in it it will probably be closer to like 196GB, as well as the fat32 partition you need.) Post screenshots as well as results
Sent from my HTC Desire 626s using Tapatalk
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Will do. Waiting for sd card.