1. What is the best ICS rom and kernel for O2X?
2. If I flash ICS on O2X, can I go back to temasek CM7 by just doing a cache and data wipe or do I have to change file system too or anything?
Sent from my Optimus 2X using XDA
1. In my opinion owians build is the best. OAKP is pretty good too
2. Yes.
Sent from my LG-P990 using Tapatalk 2 Beta-5
But kernel?
Sent from my Optimus 2X using XDA
When doing a full data & cache wipe, that won't be a problem.
I mean, I can't use CM7 temasek voodoo kernel what I am using right now with CM9, right? I asked for a good kernel that is compatible with CM9
Sent from my Optimus 2X using XDA
I prefer the nova-hd-roms. Owains Roms totally rock, too. Only advantage on the nova ones is the installer for lazy people like me. There you can choose between some predefined bb, kernel and so on.
I actually use nova 24-50 with the actual harsh-kernel (non-oc). It runs totally smooth and i have no reboots or signal-drops with my device. Battery usage is always pretty good (~17h with medium internet-usage and listening to music for about 1-2 hours per day. Wifi and BT deactivated).
I tottally reccomend the Nova Hd roms
And the newest harsh kernel, download it separately if the newest version isnt included in the Rom.
I have ultra smooth ui and 1.5 days battery, whatsapp on and typein, some browsing ect.
and you should use the get ril app in case you have ril issues.
CM7 kernels won't work on CM9. For what I've read, Harsh's kernel works quite nice with Owain's CM9 ROM.
Keep in mind, as others said, that in order to switch between CM7 and CM9 you need to do a full wipe (data/cache) as there are few things that might and will surely break if you try flashing CM9 over CM7 (and viceversa) without wiping. Do a nandroid backup before you attempt anything so you can restore your device if something goes wrong.
use rom manager or manually boot to cwm recovery to backup rom.
Can recover back quickly to temasek 7
There all rubbish.
I actually tried out Owain CM9 and did not like it very much. There were some hiccups, plus I got a message about gapps crashing every minute, but I still loved the look of it (the UI and everything) However, I believe ICS will be a beast if we get necessary drivers. I may also try out Nova HD later, this may be better.
Oh and btw what happens when I go to developer options in ICS and enable that force 2D acceleration option? It basically should not be possible to have HW acceleration on our devices without drivers right?
Sent from my Optimus 2X using XDA
I had the problem too with the gapps crashing..
I flashed an older version of gApps hand now the problem is gone
Sent with my LG-P990 with Tapatalk2
When you try the new nova HD rom, make sure you install it WITHOUT gapps, just download and install the latest gapps manualy and you won't get the error message
Sent from my LG-P990 using XDA
I've been using Owain's builds lately, before this one was running Nova HD, but it all depends on what you want a cleaner install or one which already comes with some "extras". About the Kernel i'm using Harsh.
Related
I have my Inc running Cm7 7.1 RC1
Radio 2.15.10.05.06
Kernel Chads Incredikernel 7062011
Why the hell is this setup so unstable?
Some days it runs fine.. Other days I get force closes on messaging, Android market, the camera,
Its so annoying..
To everyone else how stable is your phone on an every day basis?
Exact same setup as you, once in awhile FC on startup for a few apps, but no FC otherwise. what's really annoying though is sometimes entire system becomes unresponsive and auto reboots
Sent from my HTC Incredible
Wrong section to post this thread btw
TheLynxy said:
Exact same setup as you, once in awhile FC on startup for a few apps, but no FC otherwise. what's really annoying though is sometimes entire system becomes unresponsive and auto reboots
Sent from my HTC Incredible
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
If you undervolted your kernel then this is a common issue, and it means you should raise the voltages.
--
Also I haven't gotten any FC's running CM7.1 #106 nightly.
If it's bugging you enough and you want to *try* and fix it then I suggest you flash the latest nightly (#136 or 137) - but make sure you do a full wipe and format /system. Also clear all your caches. If you do restores from TIbackup then make sure you don't restore data.
That's all I can suggest, hope your problems with CM gets sorted out eventually.
^ Also try fixing permissions.
Sent from my Droid Incredible running a random CM7 nightly.
im not undervolted... sounds like cm needs a better stable code
Sent from my ADR6300 using XDA App
i fixed permissions
Sent from my ADR6300 using XDA App
I get the force closes and unresponsiveness time to time no matter what rom. Most of the time it's an app but every once in while it is a system app.
A lot of times it is poorly written apps not the rom. Run without any apps and you will see your phone runs great for a long time. Unfortunately theres no way to know if an app is written well without trying it. I wish google had a better way to control this.
I'm on and off CM. Ive been running 7.1.0. for about a week havent had a problem/FC. I have also restored app+data using TBU even though it isn't recommended Do you have this problem with any other roms.
Sent from my ADR6300 using XDA App
Gorilla* said:
im not undervolted... sounds like cm needs a better stable code
Sent from my ADR6300 using XDA App
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
lol, cm's code is fine...
Usually things like this are user error/app related, and if not, then most likely something wrong with your phone. Otherwise we would see a mass amount of users reporting these problems. Which we don't..
Running CM7, I've had no fc's at all, no app problems, etc when following instructions, other than in the past some of the legitimate bugs that have popped up, and been fixed.
Did you flash RC1 over a nightly or any other previous CM build?, restore apps with Ti-Backup, Over or underclocked the kernel at all, Other various things that could result in fc's? Might wana try just running with no apps like nfiniti9 said, on a fresh install, Default kernel, and then see what happens.
I used the same setup besides the radio. I'm using 2.15.00.11.19 and I found it to be really buggy as well. Right now I'm using nightly 130 and incredikernel 06192011. I found this kernel to be more stable for me.
Sent from my Droid Incredible using XDA App
I have same setup with aggressive undervolt script from chad. Have not had a force close or reboot yet, and I have been using RC1 since it dropped, and nightlies for weeks before that. I am using the new GB leak radio also.
Obvious, but have you done a full clean wipe/flash? Check MD5 sum?
CM7RC3
Latest Incredikernel
Never changed radio
100% stable
OMFGB nightly 7-05
chads beta 2 with usb fast charge
stock radio
800 min voltage and -25 max voltages.
nothing to complain about, stock battery lasts anywhere from 5- 13 hours depending how hard i use it
any issues i was having i think i found out the problem... i was uaing titanium to restore after a full wipe and i was restoring all my settings wbich messed the phone up again after a clean wipe... this time i got smarter and did a clean wipe but i only restored my applications instead of system settings... this seems to have fixed issues for now.
Sent from my ADR6300 using XDA App
Running cyanogenmod 7.0.2.1 and I'm about to switch to 7.0.3 because I'm getting a lot of force closes lately, running the latest incredikernel as well.
1. This doesn't belong in development. Being a QUESTION, it would be much better suited to Q&A.
2. The OP is the fool that was trolling Chad's thread.
Facedown41 - I'd recommend flashing the latest nightly, its perfectly stable with a lot of new features. 7.0.3 is a bit dated.
Mercutio5 said:
CM7RC3
Latest Incredikernel
Never changed radio
100% stable
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Same here. I just started using CM for about a week or so but so far not 1 fc 100% stable and fast.
Cm7 7.1 RC1 <---- problem right there.
RC = 100% stable.
im still on 7.0.3
The solution to your problem is to run a cache cleaner. This happened to me many times before and if you run it, it clears up a lot of space in the data/data partition so your apps have room in the memory to run w/o force closing!
Hello everyone. I think most of you already heard about this game, but is there a lot of people who managed to play it on optimus 2x?
Before i used modaco and now gueste rom and the game didnt run. then i start the game, after update check it resumes to menu. Until today, i found out, that few guys running cyanogen on their o2x managed to run and play it without any problems. I really wanted to try this game out, so i flashed cyanogen and what do you think? the game runs perfectly!
So the question is - what is so different about cyanogen rom, that it can run this game?
Works perfect for me with gueste 2.2 +update but with kernel fps 2.0a .+swap not working with kernel 3.0 (tested)
Sent from my LG-P990 using XDA App
The main thing for games not to work is the RAM hacks or the kernel as far as I know .also in some custom Roms you have to edit build.prop cause Google cannot identify the device
It was running great on Modaco GR5 and Spica's SR1 and then on RC11-R.
Tried it with Gueste2x (both SR1 and RC11-R) and Django Manouche 0.5, it doesn't run
It doesn't seem to be kernel related, so it shouldn't depend on the RAM hacks. Any ideas what's causing problems?
Brilliant on cm7
Sent from my Optimus 2X using Tapatalk
Reply deleted
Tried different ROM setups, even NVFlash recovery, different kernels, etc.
It just doesn't run. Although it did run some time ago...
Running fine on modoco gr5 with up rc-12
Sent from my LG-P990 using Tapatalk
Found a way to run that on latest ROMs!
Restored my old backup of Location, language, timezone from Titanium Backup and it works... seems you need to set your location to GB in order to make the game work properly...
Solution
Turn off ur locations like network location and gps and run the game. Them u can turn on all locations. thats work for me. (Sorry for the bad english)
LGP990-V20L Android 2.3.4 stock.
Little help
This can be halpfull
I have galaxy s since last one year and i love it... However my phone has become very slow these days.. I tried several roms and kernels.. Formatted both internal and external SD cards... But still it is very slow... I remember that I dropped it 3-4 times... Is it because of it?
Can someone suggest me please... What should I do...
Sent from my Galaxy S using Tapatalk
Maybe over clock it ...? I thought the new ROMs would have helped. It could be the fact that your phone is older now and some internal hardware has been worn out
Nexus S (GSM i9020a)
CM9 Nightly Kang (Build 5 of 2.1)
Eugene's Kernel (Speedy-7)
OC 1100/100 (lulzactivev2)
309041291a said:
Maybe over clock it ...? I thought the new ROMs would have helped. It could be the fact that your phone is older now and some internal hardware has been worn out
Nexus S (GSM i9020a)
CM9 Nightly Kang (Build 5 of 2.1)
Eugene's Kernel (Speedy-7)
OC 1100/100 (lulzactivev2)
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Can I do anything related to the hardware? I mean how can i check if it is not giving 100%?
Sent from my Galaxy S using Tapatalk
I'm no expert so I'm not sure. Best bet would be to replace the hardware which Costs a ton of money. Its better to just a get a new phone. Either that or maybe mess around with new ROMs some more. Maybe you are wiping your phone incorrectly or maybe you use it too much
Nexus S (GSM i9020a)
CM9 Nightly Kang (Build 5 of 2.1)
Eugene's Kernel (Speedy-7)
OC 1100/100 (lulzactivev2)
my suggest...
1. update your firmware to last version (2.3.6).
2. try to change kernel and custom rom.
3. maybe, with some different kernel and custom rom, you can choice the better option for your device. for example, try using kernel semaphore (gingerbread) and custom rom F1 or other.
I would be very surprised if physical trauma has simply caused a slow-down in speed. It would more likely show itself as random reboots and other more obvious symptoms.
Much like Windows, after a lot of use, it slows down - you have said that you've flashed other roms, maybe you just haven't come across a good one; there are after all a lot of different ones...
I would suggest the deodex-ed / rooted stock rom from RAMAD Gingerbread JVT. As I remember it was always quite stable and fast.
The hardware components inside a modern phone will not wear-out after a year - they are not moving parts! - when ram or a processor wears out it usually results in total system crashing not just a slow down.
Thank you all for your feedbacks and suggestions. I use my phone a lot. Usually i use TV out a lot as i do not have a cable connection in my hostel room. I use my phone a lot. I flashed it atleast more than 100 times. I have not seen any reboots, crashed , soft reboots etc very often. When i use MIUI rom my phone is very fast indeed however , it does not have a TV Out and therefore i have to use a stock based rom.. i will try Rammad's GB Rom as per your suggestion and will report back. As i told you that i dropped it a couple of times, is it possible that any of the Internal components have become loose?
Have you ever tried Advanced task killer? Or even killed tasks?
zadusimple said:
Thank you all for your feedbacks and suggestions. I use my phone a lot. Usually i use TV out a lot as i do not have a cable connection in my hostel room. I use my phone a lot. I flashed it atleast more than 100 times. I have not seen any reboots, crashed , soft reboots etc very often. When i use MIUI rom my phone is very fast indeed however , it does not have a TV Out and therefore i have to use a stock based rom.. i will try Rammad's GB Rom as per your suggestion and will report back. As i told you that i dropped it a couple of times, is it possible that any of the Internal components have become loose?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Did you try the ics roms. These r pretty fast..specially team icssgs.
Sent from my GT-I9000 using Tapatalk
Try ICSSGS RC 4.2. I had the same situation as you. It was fine for one year and I was using Darky rom by that time. Suddenly I started feeling that my phone is too slow. Lot of stuck. Sometimes I had to remove battery just to restart.
Now running above ICS rom with Devil 14.2 Kernel its rocking ...
yeah I'd suggest u the advanced taskkiller too
in options you can set the auto killlevel to safe, so that it kills smth like games in the background but not important apps
since then my phone is quite fast even with stockrom
gezze said:
yeah I'd suggest u the advanced taskkiller too
in options you can set the auto killlevel to safe, so that it kills smth like games in the background but not important apps
since then my phone is quite fast even with stockrom
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yeah, and you can just use the ATK widget when you close out of something press the icon and it kills all the background apps...
I will surely try ATK and ICS roms as per your suggestions...
Sent from my Galaxy Nexus using Tapatalk
keep us updated...
Just get stock jw1, flash with reparation to wipe everything, then do a factory reset via secret dial code. Now install semaphore 2.5.0 kernel. Dl superuser to get root. Now install thunderbolt tweaks the main package and the 60lmk other addon(read thread how to) . This is the best setup i can think of in terms of speed bat life and functionality. Next step look in pikachus Android optimization thread and remove the bloatware listed there, basically remove as much bloat as possible. Enjoy ur fast phone.
Sent from my GT-I9000 using Tapatalk
Perhaps you should try the ICSSGS RC4.2 with Devil 14.2 LED VC Kernel. I'm on it and its awesome, my phone lags no more and I'm using it for my primary phone.
Sent from my Galaxy S using XDA Premium
Hello guys
I need you help to decide either to stay to my stock gingerbread rom or root my phone and install cyanogenmod 9 on my Samsung Galaxy S GT-i9000
Please tell me which one is more stable and better to use..
Thanks in advance
Should just go with Cyanogenmod 10 Nightly. I use my phone every day and get no random reboots, stability issues or incompatible features/apps. Everything seems to work great. I can't see much of a reason to use CM9 since CM10 works so well
I moved to CM10 from XXJW4 2.6.4 and have no plans on rolling back.
sasomkd said:
Hello guys
I need you help to decide either to stay to my stock gingerbread rom or root my phone and install cyanogenmod 9 on my Samsung Galaxy S GT-i9000
Please tell me which one is more stable and better to use..
Thanks in advance
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Go with CM10! very recommended!
if you want, here there is a tutorial that shows you how to ROOT
your Galaxy s1 stock ROM 2.3.4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k274AsTleAc&feature=plcp
I've been using CM9RC2 for a few months now and it's good. I find it a lot more stable and a lot faster than stock. However, I find I miss a lot of the small things about the stock ROM that just aren't in CM. The Contacts app is poor (can't link contacts, no Facebook integration) as is the stock Calender and the default music player that comes with it is atrocious.
If you can live with those, or are willing to pay for some appropriate replacement apps then I can definitely recommend going with CM
I'm always on gb, lately JW7 gb rom, ext4 format, Semaphore 2. 7.4. Reliable and fast.
Since a week I turned on a CM10. I like a lot, it's stable but very battery drainy and no faster than my previus gb JW7.
I think GB is still the best for our poor i9000...
Inviato dal mio GT-I9000 con Tapatalk 2
I switched from Samsung GB to CM9 when it became stable mi-August (now I'm on CM9.1).
I don't plan to switch to CM10 until it is stable (or at least in RC stage) => and I hope it will become stable before 4.2 goes open source and pawitp starts working on next CM!
For me, my phone is much better with CM9: less reboots (I only had one in two months instead of one per week with GB).
My phone is generally more enjoyable: it is difficult to point specific functionnalities (there are many), but the user experience has been a big focus for Google in ICS, and the result is really great for me. I like stock applications a lot (even though contact app may indeed have less functionnalities than Touchwiz one). One the other side, I could not say if the phone is faster or not: so it your main concern is speed, the switch won't change much (unless you go with CM10 which is supposed to be faster). Main drawback for me is that MMS don't work anymore, but I guess it's a problem very specific to my case as I didn't find other people having my problem (and as I didn't use MMS a lot, I didn't take time to investigate heavily the issue).
clement.contet said:
I switched from Samsung GB to CM9 when it became stable mi-August (now I'm on CM9.1).
I don't plan to switch to CM10 until it is stable (or at least in RC stage) => and I hope it will become stable before 4.2 goes open source and pawitp starts working on next CM!
For me, my phone is much better with CM9: less reboots (I only had one in two months instead of one per week with GB).
My phone is generally more enjoyable: it is difficult to point specific functionnalities (there are many), but the user experience has been a big focus for Google in ICS, and the result is really great for me. I like stock applications a lot (even though contact app may indeed have less functionnalities than Touchwiz one). One the other side, I could not say if the phone is faster or not: so it your main concern is speed, the switch won't change much (unless you go with CM10 which is supposed to be faster). Main drawback for me is that MMS don't work anymore, but I guess it's a problem very specific to my case as I didn't find other people having my problem (and as I didn't use MMS a lot, I didn't take time to investigate heavily the issue).
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks for your reply I will root my phone now and install CyanogenMod 9.1
Problem with CM9
can any body explain me I've flashed CM9 with brightside evaluation ics 4.0.4 (tablet UI)but after few day i've tried to restore it to stock ROM GB but it was stucked in Bootloop and giveing error E storage missing in recovery mode ..... Can any one help me out ... I m very much tensed Please please help me....:crying:
Just pull out the battery and then insert it after couple of minutes. Then power on while pressing 3 button combo and go to the download mode. Start Odin 1.7 in your PC and try to flash any stock gb rom.
Sent from my GT-I9000
You need to use Odin to get gingerbread bootloader before you can flash custom gb roms
Sent from my GT-I9000 using Tapatalk 2
chaddhaaman said:
can any body explain me I've flashed CM9 with brightside evaluation ics 4.0.4 (tablet UI)but after few day i've tried to restore it to stock ROM GB but it was stucked in Bootloop and giveing error E storage missing in recovery mode ..... Can any one help me out ... I m very much tensed Please please help me....:crying:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
you dont need odin but you have to flash a gb rom before you restore a gb backup (for the next time ) for now odin is the only way
Sent from my GT-I9001 using xda premium
I've installed CM10 after I was on CM9 for almost 2 months and I can say my phone works much better compared to GB and CM9. Everything's much faster and much smoother.
Gingerbread with root is very nice !! But me i use Macklay Rom ( jb)
Sent from my GT-I9000 using xda app-developers app
Lucenzo7 said:
I've installed CM10 after I was on CM9 for almost 2 months and I can say my phone works much better compared to GB and CM9. Everything's much faster and much smoother.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Are you on some of the nightlies or on a stable?
Hi guys,
I'm on CM10.1 stable and I'd like to switch to a custom Kernel for better performace (mainly smoothness and battery life).
I'd like to know which are your favourites and why (3 reasons). Could be a good help to other novices also.
Thanky you!!!
Giuseppe
beppemila said:
Hi guys,
I'm on CM10.1 stable and I'd like to switch to a custom Kernel for better performace (mainly smoothness and battery life).
I'd like to know which are your favourites and why (3 reasons). Could be a good help to other novices also.
Thanky you!!!
Giuseppe
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I recently updated to CM 10.1 Stable from 10.0 Stable.
While I was on CM 10.0 I used Semaphore Kernel and had 1) excellent luck and 2) support. Just go to Semaphore's thread and see 3) the praise and 4) respect stratosk (the developer) has earned! Semaphore would be my first non-stock Kernel choice without hesitation.
You asked for 3 reasons and got 4 reasons.
Enjoy!
As I recall, Semaphore supports only Samsung GT-I9000 and Nexus 4.
my fav would be stock
but i ll use semaphore sometimes even in GB, cyancore (if i feel to make my fone a psp ) fishear for testing cm10 ROM, n mackay for twrp (making my friend jealous of touch recovery)
but mostly semaphore
Sent from my GT-I9000 using xda premium
Try semaphore, been using it for a year (and updating of course) and never had a problem with it.
I have used Semaphore for 3 years and i will use it until my phone breaks. :silly:
The last times the best for me is mackay
Latrop is also a really stable kernel
Sent from my GT-P7510 using Tapatalk HD
Random reboots
After about four days of CM 10.1.1 stable I must say that it's very smooth and has good battery (about same as cm 10.0 stable with semaphore 2.6.5 or (even better) Slim Bean 4.2.1 stable in my case). Battery time with CM 10.0 stable and it's own Cyanocore kernel was terrible.
However 1) I have had about two random hard reboots a day while phone was in sleep mode. After full wipe, wipe cache and dalvik it still occurs.
And 2) soft reboots when connecting to PC via USB or updates of apps on internal sd storage. This problem also occured while using Slim Bean 4.2.1 stable. (This problem was never with CM 10.0 stable) It kept coming back after several complete factory wipe and wipes of cache and dalvik.
Can that soft reboot problem be a general Android 4.2x problem with apps moved to SD?
After clean flash and/or full wipe, wipe cache and dalvik I use Titanium to restore to restore all my apps and appdata (only non system relaterd resores). Can the problem be related to Titanium app-restores?
Directly after a random hard reboot I copied as read in some topic last_kmsg and logcat. But what to look for in those files (with a lot of text) after opening them with wordpad?
Why is semaphore kernel so popular ...what are its advantages to stock-kernel, for example in CM ???
freakymod2120 said:
Why is semaphore kernel so popular ...what are its advantages to stock-kernel, for example in CM ???
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Semaphore is the stock CM kernel on steroids. It lets you use the standard processor governors and voltages and so on but allows other things such as touchwake, a bit better vibration control, deep idle and many other features- I can't remember most of them off the top of my head
Sent from my GT-P7510 using Tapatalk HD
why dont u see n read mr stratosk thread for his kernel n read thru all his satisfy customers n also ask them urself, u will get more than what u wanna know about da kernel mate.
Sent from my GT-I9000 using xda premium
Okay you are right ...but i only want to get some impressions from here ...
compacity said:
why dont u see n read mr stratosk thread for his kernel n read thru all his satisfy customers n also ask them urself, u will get more than what u wanna know about da kernel mate.
Sent from my GT-I9000 using xda premium
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No more random reboots
After reflashing CM 10.1.2 (and off course factory reset, clear cache and clear dalvik) I now don't have random reboots anymore.
The difference with last time when I was having random reboots: this time I did not restore apps with data using Titanium Backup. I reïnstalled all the apps via Play Store. Meanwhile I read also in the thread of this rom that Titanium restores causes random reboots and soft reboots off updating/removing apps located on internal sd storage.
Although my i9000 now have been working flawless about the last 5 days, not being able to restore apps and data with Titanium is a real let down. Changing rom and installing apps and setting them up is a real annoying time consuming job. I will now be thinking twice before changing and testing other custo firmware. Hopefully Titanium comes with a solution.
---------- Post added at 03:04 PM ---------- Previous post was at 02:42 PM ----------
The CM 10.1.2 stable rom is working very well now. The original CM-kernel seems much better than the one that came with CM 10.0 stable concerning smoothness, batterytime and stability. CM 10.0 (different flashes and factory resets) had much lag but also bootloops out of the blue sometimes. That led to trying Semaphore-kernel which in my case performed very much better and more stable than the CM 10.0 kernel itself.
That's why I'm very curious how latest Semaphore-kernels perform with CM 10.1.x stable. Has anyone tried that yet?
But the best performing rom I've ever had on my i9000 came after that and was Slim Bean 4.2.1 stable (which includes Semaphore as standard kernel). When the stable version comes of Android 4.2.2 there is a 90 percent change I will reflash Slim Bean. Slim Bean was like CM on steroids and also better batterytime in my case.
Hopefully there is then a solution for the current Titanium errors. Otherwise again reinstalling all apps and setting them up. Or try MyBackup Root in stead of Titanium.
I have already put money a side for the new Nexus 7 and my i9000 is still a great phone which does not need replacement. With the earlier mentioned Slim Bean rom my i9000 even performed better than my brothers laggy Galaxy S3 with stock rom. But everybody knows how terrible for performance Thouchwiz is.