Database Develop

[Q] Root Kindle Fire HD 7 outside US

Hello I am living in Argentina and tried to root my Kindle Fire HD but drivers don´t recognize my kindle.
Take a look to this print screen...
(ATTACH 1)
Also, when I try to download emulators from Android SDK Manager, I cannot find the Kindle ones as you may see on the next pic:
(ATTACH 2)
Could anyone root a Kindle Fire HD outside US?
Any help or tips?
Thank you!

the location shouldn't be your problem. lot's of users here are living outside the US and rooted their device anyway.

i think it's better not to use windows xp for this purpose.

alaplag said:
Hello I am living in Argentina and tried to root my Kindle Fire HD but drivers don´t recognize my kindle.
Take a look to this print screen...
(ATTACH 1)
Also, when I try to download emulators from Android SDK Manager, I cannot find the Kindle ones as you may see on the next pic:
(ATTACH 2)
Could anyone root a Kindle Fire HD outside US?
Any help or tips?
Thank you!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Check out the links below. The first talks about instructions for adb. The second is the one you will want, it has the kindle fire hd add-ons(including drivers) for SDK. Follow the instructions in both links and you shouln't have a problem. They are direct from amazon.com.
https://developer.amazon.com/sdk/fire/connect-adb.html
https://developer.amazon.com/sdk/fire/setup.html#step6

onemeila said:
Check out the links below. The first talks about instructions for adb. The second is the one you will want, it has the kindle fire hd add-ons(including drivers) for SDK. Follow the instructions in both links and you shouln't have a problem. They are direct from amazon.com.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thank you all for your answers.
onemeila I have done that and my Kindle is inaccesible... I cannot even transfer files now to it since I´ve installed all the software in those links and the forum. I tried to uninstall all and start all over but I have not got luck.
I think I should try to unlock it in another pc, but for now, I don´t have another for enough time to do it.
Thank you all for your answers. I`ll keep trying.

Hola hermano, greetings from Brazil!
First you need to install the proper Kindle drivers. Unfortunately the file provided on the tutorial do not work.
Get it in the Android SDK Manager
- Check the boxes under
-Extras:
--Kindle Fire USB Driver and
--Google USB Driver
It is NOT INSTALLED YET!
Go to
C:\Users\[your user]\AppData\Local\Android\android-sdk\extras\amazon\kindle_fire_usb_driver
Then install the file
Kindle Fire ADB drivers.exe
To get a file manager living outside the US you have to sideload it via ADB.
I have written about that here:
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showpost.php?p=33324200&postcount=5
You can use any file manager with Root Access. I have used ES File Explorer.
If you don't have an US Credit Card you can't download any file managers on your kindle. You have to sideload it via adb
So this is what I did:
1) Google "es file explorer apk". This is not illegal because this software is free. You can get it on trusteed and legal sites like slideme.org or softpedia.com
2) Download it and put it on a desktop folder called android (or whatever). Be sure it has a apk extension. Does not work with a zip or rar file; you must uncompress it if thats the case.
3) In the same folder put the qemu tool because it have the adb executable, you don't have to install it
4) On the Kindle Fire, turn on "ADB" on top menu/settings/security/adb
5) Plug the Kindle Fire on the PC via USB cable
6) Click on the Windows Start menu, then type "cmd" on the run box
7) In the command line, type
cd [folder name] [press enter]
adb kill-server [press enter]
adb devices [press enter]
adb install [name of the ES file manager apk] [press enter]
8) Unplug your Kindle typing
adb kill-server
again then eject it on the windows tray menu.
You can now see the ES File Manager icon on your apps menu.
On the ES File Explorer you have to turn on root access to inject the Google Play files.
- Press the menu button, he Settings/Root Settings and check "Root explorer" and "Up to root"
Now you can complete the file copy and permissions changes.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse

hirano said:
Hola hermano, greetings from Brazil!
First you need to install the proper Kindle drivers. Unfortunately the file provided on the tutorial do not work.
Get it in the Android SDK Manager
- Check the boxes under
-Extras:
--Kindle Fire USB Driver and
--Google USB Driver
It is NOT INSTALLED YET!
Go to
C:\Users\[your user]\AppData\Local\Android\android-sdk\extras\amazon\kindle_fire_usb_driver
Then install the file
Kindle Fire ADB drivers.exe
To get a file manager living outside the US you have to sideload it via ADB.
I have written about that here:
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showpost.php?p=33324200&postcount=5
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thank you for clarifying, I did not realize it was different outside the US.

onemeila said:
Thank you for clarifying, I did not realize it was different outside the US.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I live in mexico and root my kindle using the drivers i found here on this forum; my laptop has win7, on the other way the xp pc i have at home dont recognize my kindle, so my advice its to try on win7
The easy way to side load apps its to install the 1mobile app from the browser, its so full of apps that you be wondering why bother with the play store who marks most of the apps incompatible anyway.
Saludos!

Thank you Hector333, I do not have a pc with win 7 but I will try to ask a notebook from a friend.
Hirano Olá irmão the problem is that as you can see in the file I have attached to this message, when I run my SDK Manager I cannot see Kindle Fire USB driver...
{
"lightbox_close": "Close",
"lightbox_next": "Next",
"lightbox_previous": "Previous",
"lightbox_error": "The requested content cannot be loaded. Please try again later.",
"lightbox_start_slideshow": "Start slideshow",
"lightbox_stop_slideshow": "Stop slideshow",
"lightbox_full_screen": "Full screen",
"lightbox_thumbnails": "Thumbnails",
"lightbox_download": "Download",
"lightbox_share": "Share",
"lightbox_zoom": "Zoom",
"lightbox_new_window": "New window",
"lightbox_toggle_sidebar": "Toggle sidebar"
}
Do you know why?
hirano said:
Hola hermano, greetings from Brazil!
First you need to install the proper Kindle drivers. Unfortunately the file provided on the tutorial do not work.
Get it in the Android SDK Manager
- Check the boxes under
-Extras:
--Kindle Fire USB Driver and
--Google USB Driver
It is NOT INSTALLED YET!
Go to
C:\Users\[your user]\AppData\Local\Android\android-sdk\extras\amazon\kindle_fire_usb_driver
Then install the file
Kindle Fire ADB drivers.exe
To get a file manager living outside the US you have to sideload it via ADB.
I have written about that here:
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showpost.php?p=33324200&postcount=5
Click to expand...
Click to collapse

Hello everyone,
I have just sort this problem by doing this:
In the Android SDK Manager click Tools >> Manage Add-on Sites.
Now click the User Defined Sites tab and then the “New” button. In here you need to enter the following URL and then press OK:
(Sorry I cannot post links cause I am new but you can ask it to me by private)
Once that is in close out of the Add-on Sites window.
(Thanks to Groovypost for that)
Now I have superuser installed but I do not know how to install google play... the instructions I have found says that I should download ES explorer from iAmazon... well I coud not do that cause I am outside US, so ¿any ideas?
Thank you all in advance.
alaplag said:
Thank you Hector333, I do not have a pc with win 7 but I will try to ask a notebook from a friend.
Hirano Olá irmão the problem is that as you can see in the file I have attached to this message, when I run my SDK Manager I cannot see Kindle Fire USB driver...
Do you know why?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse

[Q] Rooting A Kindle Fire HD On Something Other Than Windows

Hi all,
I was wondering if anyone has had any luck rooting a Kindle Fire HD 7" on a Mac or Linux? I don't have access to a Windows PC at the moment so all these automated tools aren't much help at the moment. I've been attempting to follow the following steps:
Code:
adb shell
rm -r /data/local/tmp
ln -s /data/ /data/local/tmp
exit
adb reboot
adb shell
echo 'ro.kernel.qemu=1' > /data/local.prop
exit
(I couldn't post an outside URL so those are the start of the steps)
And I followed the connect to ADB instructions from developer.amazon.com to get my Mac connecting to my Kindle correctly (yet again, not allowed to post links yet)
I believe I have everything I need installed and have followed instructions for Mac but when I attempt to follow the steps, the first set all fail as I don't have access to /data/. Any clues on what I'm missing? I've seen lots of "try this" answers of here but they are often Windows specific.

ADB Communication Issues
LTheobald said:
Hi all,
I was wondering if anyone has had any luck rooting a Kindle Fire HD 7" on a Mac or Linux? I don't have access to a Windows PC at the moment so all these automated tools aren't much help at the moment. I've been attempting to follow the following steps:
Code:
adb shell
rm -r /data/local/tmp
ln -s /data/ /data/local/tmp
exit
adb reboot
adb shell
echo 'ro.kernel.qemu=1' > /data/local.prop
exit
(I couldn't post an outside URL so those are the start of the steps)
And I followed the connect to ADB instructions from developer.amazon.com to get my Mac connecting to my Kindle correctly (yet again, not allowed to post links yet)
I believe I have everything I need installed and have followed instructions for Mac but when I attempt to follow the steps, the first set all fail as I don't have access to /data/. Any clues on what I'm missing? I've seen lots of "try this" answers of here but they are often Windows specific.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes we Root Kindles on both SuSe Linux and MAC OS X.
The key is to get the correct driver installed. Have you downloaded the
Android SDK for your platform? You can obtain a copy for your
platform here: http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html
Once you have completed a successful Android SDK install and upgrade,
Then you install the driver under the "Extras" folder. If you
need more help PM us, we offer free support to anyone in the
XDA Community.

prokennexusa said:
The key is to get the correct driver installed.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I think you're right there. I've tried to install the Kindle USB driver but the Android SDK manager tells me it's not compatible with OSX (I'm running Mountain Lion):
{
"lightbox_close": "Close",
"lightbox_next": "Next",
"lightbox_previous": "Previous",
"lightbox_error": "The requested content cannot be loaded. Please try again later.",
"lightbox_start_slideshow": "Start slideshow",
"lightbox_stop_slideshow": "Stop slideshow",
"lightbox_full_screen": "Full screen",
"lightbox_thumbnails": "Thumbnails",
"lightbox_download": "Download",
"lightbox_share": "Share",
"lightbox_zoom": "Zoom",
"lightbox_new_window": "New window",
"lightbox_toggle_sidebar": "Toggle sidebar"
}
I've seen a couple of posts saying that you shouldn't need a driver on OSX & Linux (and I do seem to be able to install apps to my Kindle via ADB) but maybe those are wrong. I'll have a look around and see what I can find. Otherwise, I'll ask for a bit more help!

Hmmm... Still no luck. I can connect to the KFHD fine. I can reboot it, push files etc. But I don't have access to /data/. So when following the steps for the various exploits, they all fail. At somepoint they all try to do something like:
adb shell "echo ro.kernel.qemu=1 > /data/local.prop"
And that has never worked for me (permissions denied). The only points before this are creating the symlink to /data/ at /data/local/tmp (which went fine) but that doesn't seem to help at all Time to find & load up a Windows VM and see if I can do it via Windows.

Finally got the thing working Will post up how I did it via my Mac later today for anyone else struggling.

Root and Google Play for Amazon 7" Kindle Fire HD Software Version 7.2.3
LTheobald said:
Finally got the thing working Will post up how I did it via my Mac later today for anyone else struggling.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Good Job!
We will be adding How to Root the Kindle Fire HD 7" from MAC and Linux Noob (Simple) Edition
today. When you see the post, do you mind looking at it and letting us know if it makes sense?
Thanks!

[Q] Issues with Rooting Kindle HD Fire 7.2.3

Operating System: Windows 7 Ultimate 64 Bit
Kindle 7" HD Fire
7.2.3
I've looked everywhere for a fix to this but can't find anything which helps me. I apologise that my first post is asking for help but I'm really struggling with this at the moment, any assistance would be greatly appreciated.
Basically, I got my Kindle HD Fire 7" on 7.2.3 firmware and the first thing I wanted to do was root it. I followed different methods which just led to weird system path errors. I was eventually directed to a post on this site which was really well written: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2069117
I followed this guide to get rid of all the current drivers: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showpost.php?p=37733595&postcount=361 after I had re-installed the drivers, the first time I plugged the kindle into my laptop.
The driver installation came up with this:
{
"lightbox_close": "Close",
"lightbox_next": "Next",
"lightbox_previous": "Previous",
"lightbox_error": "The requested content cannot be loaded. Please try again later.",
"lightbox_start_slideshow": "Start slideshow",
"lightbox_stop_slideshow": "Stop slideshow",
"lightbox_full_screen": "Full screen",
"lightbox_thumbnails": "Thumbnails",
"lightbox_download": "Download",
"lightbox_share": "Share",
"lightbox_zoom": "Zoom",
"lightbox_new_window": "New window",
"lightbox_toggle_sidebar": "Toggle sidebar"
}
The guide said "Once this driver has been properly installed you will see "Android Composite ADB Interface" under "Kindle Fire" in the Windows Device Manager which is located by Right Hand Mouse Click Computer, Choose Properties, then Devices or Device Manager. Expand the tree. Expand Kindle. This is where you will see "Android Composite ADB Interface".
However when I look at my device manager is just shows this when the kindle is plugged in:
I believe this is where the problem is, although I can transfer files. I don't think the ADB is recognising my Kindle.
I thought, "I may aswell continue with the rest of the guide" however when I ran "KF First Aide" these are the errors I got
Option 15:
Option 16:
When I run the ADB kill/start server device commands:
If anyone could come forward with a solution for this I'd be very thankful.

The kindle will be shown as kindle.... under nothing. Not under portable devices. My guess would be that the driver is installed incorrectly or it's the wrong driver. Have you tried rolling the driver back?

Did you enable ADB under security??
Sent from my KFTT using Tapatalk 2

Krsmqn said:
The kindle will be shown as kindle.... under nothing. Not under portable devices. My guess would be that the driver is installed incorrectly or it's the wrong driver. Have you tried rolling the driver back?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I installed the drivers as instructed by the guide. What does rolling the driver back mean?
jailuis said:
Did you enable ADB under security??
Sent from my KFTT using Tapatalk 2
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes

xl2onald- said:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
This says your adb is connected.
This means adb.exe and fastboot.exe are not in the same directory that the script was run from.
Does that help?
Sent from my KFHD 8.9 using Tapatalk 2

I had more luck rooting my kindle using the alternative step instead of using the first aide software.
It is under the heading:
C-2) The next steps are used to Root the Kindle - Alternative Method (Manual Version): in the first post of their thread. Extract the win32 or win64 folder onto your desktop and run the RunMe.bat as admin.
Though soupmagnet's diagnostic is correct so have a look at that first.

[Q] ADB Device not found but KFFA works

I'm sure there have been some other topics about this, but I haven't found a post that fixes my issue, or applies to my situation. I will gladly read though any linked posts to try to fix the problem.
All ADB commands that KFFirstAide does are successful, but when I try using ADB on my own (trying to install the bootloader) it can't find the device. What am I doing wrong?
I would use KFFirstAide to install the bootloader, but I'm running 7.3.0, and so I have to do it manually
I have been running it from the platform-tools directory. I thought that maybe because on windows 7 files in the C:\Program Files (x86)\ directory are somewhat protected, that I should copy the folder to the desktop. I did so, and it still cannot find the device when running "adb devices" command. I then tried using the admin command prompt, and it couldn't find the device either.
There are no yellow triangles in the device manager, and commands issued by KF First Aide work fine, so I'm not sure why it's not working manually...
Thanks in advance for any help!

I followed the tutorial rev Kyle have on getting adb working and have never had a problem... google rev Kyle kindle fire hd forum
Sent from my GT-P3110 using xda app-developers app

After watching this video, Rev Kyle suggested that the Android SDK might not be properly installed. I currently do not have good internet, so is there any way I can check to see if the SDK is properly installed without re-installing it?
Here is a pic of what is going on
{
"lightbox_close": "Close",
"lightbox_next": "Next",
"lightbox_previous": "Previous",
"lightbox_error": "The requested content cannot be loaded. Please try again later.",
"lightbox_start_slideshow": "Start slideshow",
"lightbox_stop_slideshow": "Stop slideshow",
"lightbox_full_screen": "Full screen",
"lightbox_thumbnails": "Thumbnails",
"lightbox_download": "Download",
"lightbox_share": "Share",
"lightbox_zoom": "Zoom",
"lightbox_new_window": "New window",
"lightbox_toggle_sidebar": "Toggle sidebar"
}

kthedude said:
All ADB commands that KFFirstAide does are successful, but when I try using ADB on my own (trying to install the bootloader) it can't find the device. What am I doing wrong?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
ADB works fine with my Kindle Fire HD 7". I'm using Windows 7. Try to kill ADB server from the Windows task manager, and run "adb devices" again. Also, try to connect/reconnect your device from USB a few times.

I've done all of this. The thing that puzzles me is that kindle fire first aide uses adb of its own, right? As you can see in my picture, KFFA finds the device using its adb, but when I run adb through the command prompt it cannot find the device. In the picture above, I used both programs within the same minute. How can it work one way but not the other?
Would wiping the kindle help in any way?
Sent from my KFTT using xda app-developers app

kthedude said:
I've done all of this. The thing that puzzles me is that kindle fire first aide uses adb of its own, right? As you can see in my picture, KFFA finds the device using its adb, but when I run adb through the command prompt it cannot find the device. In the picture above, I used both programs within the same minute. How can it work one way but not the other?
Would wiping the kindle help in any way?
Sent from my KFTT using xda app-developers app
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Copy the adb.exe from the KFFA directory to the SDK platform-tools directory.

soupmagnet said:
Copy the adb.exe from the KFFA directory to the SDK platform-tools directory.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thank you so much! Worked just fine!
Also, moving to C:\KFFirstAide and running adb from there works as well.

[Q] ADB drivers not working!Yellow question mark in device manager.

I just got the Kindle fire HD 7 for Christmas but I want to get an app thats only on the Google Play store which the Kindle wont allow us to use.So ive been trying as many tutorials as I can find on how to root the Kindle. The main tutorial ive been trying to follow is this one http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2351201. But the drivers are not reading the kindle. Yes I have uninstalled the default kindle drivers(which windows keeps installing every time I plug in the usb). The only thing that shows up is a yellow question mark in the devices manager under Other Devices. And yes I also went into the security on my kindle and enabled ADB. Can someone please help out and figure why its not reading my kindle and why there is a yellow question mark on the device manager?
Also I have my Kindle updated to 11.3
heres a picture to help show what im talking about
{
"lightbox_close": "Close",
"lightbox_next": "Next",
"lightbox_previous": "Previous",
"lightbox_error": "The requested content cannot be loaded. Please try again later.",
"lightbox_start_slideshow": "Start slideshow",
"lightbox_stop_slideshow": "Stop slideshow",
"lightbox_full_screen": "Full screen",
"lightbox_thumbnails": "Thumbnails",
"lightbox_download": "Download",
"lightbox_share": "Share",
"lightbox_zoom": "Zoom",
"lightbox_new_window": "New window",
"lightbox_toggle_sidebar": "Toggle sidebar"
}

angryhacker said:
I just got the Kindle fire HD 7 for Christmas but I want to get an app thats only on the Google Play store which the Kindle wont allow us to use.So ive been trying as many tutorials as I can find on how to root the Kindle. The main tutorial ive been trying to follow is this one http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2351201. But the drivers are not reading the kindle. Yes I have uninstalled the default kindle drivers(which windows keeps installing every time I plug in the usb). The only thing that shows up is a yellow question mark in the devices manager under Other Devices. And yes I also went into the security on my kindle and enabled ADB. Can someone please help out and figure why its not reading my kindle and why there is a yellow question mark on the device manager?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Windows is not going to let you do this until you disable device driver signature enforcement. Do that and then try the tutorial again. One thing I would do is update manually by searching for the ADB drivers downloaded from that tutorial. Don't do the auto search,
Disable device driver signature enforcement -
Both must be done from the administrator profile to work right
Both of these are for Windows 7 X64 users.
Windows 7 X32 and earlier version users do not have this issue
A.
1. Reboot and on start up press F8 a couple times.
2. Scroll down to "Disable Driver Signature Enforcement."
Note: This must be done on every bootup you want to install something not MS signed.
B. For a more permanent solution.
1. First go and uninstall the driver (delete driver) you want to replace and then restart your computer.
2. Now go to the start menu and type cmd.
3. Right click on "cmd" and open a command prompt with elevated privileges (run as administrator.)
4. Now copy these in the command prompt one at a time hitting enter after each one.
bcdedit.exe -set TESTSIGNING ON
bcdedit.exe -set loadoptions DDISABLE_INTEGRITY_CHECKS
4. Now install the driver you want.
5. Restart the computer.
6. Profit.
Note: If you do this right, you will see "Test Mode Windows 7 Build 7601" (or something comparable) in the lower right corner of your screen. This means that drivers not signed by MS can be installed without getting the Windows has installed the best driver already bit.
If you opt to take your computer out of test mode, the drivers will more than likely be replaced by MS drivers next time. Following steps 1,2 and 3 in part B of tutorial copy these commands in the command prompt one at a time hitting enter after each one.
bcdedit.exe -set loadoptions ENABLE_INTEGRITY_CHECKS
bcdedit.exe -set TESTSIGNING OFF
bcdedit /set nointegritychecks ON
bcdedit /set nointegritychecks OFF
Possible Windows 8 cmd
bcdedit /set loadoptions DDISABLE_INTEGRITY_CHECKS
Since I don't have Windows 8 to do a personal tutorial, I'll just link to a good tutorial for that.
http://www.fotoclubinc.com/blog/how...on-of-windows-7-printer-drivers-on-windows-8/

I followed your example exactly and got windows into test mode. I forgot to mention I do have windows 7 *64.But the driver is still in other devices and only the default kindle driver seems to be working.Do you know where I can get the latest drivers?I tried searching but i dont know which ones are the latest version.

Try the ones in my signature, they should work.
Sent from my Amazon Kindle Fire HD running CM10.1 Tablet UI using xda-developers app

stunts513 said:
Try the ones in my signature, they should work.
Sent from my Amazon Kindle Fire HD running CM10.1 Tablet UI using xda-developers app
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
How do I install it?Theres no exe.

Right click the device in the device manager with the triangle, hit update drivers, then point it to where you extracted my drivers.
Sent from my Amazon Kindle Fire HD running CM10.1 Tablet UI using xda-developers app

stunts513 said:
Right click the device in the device manager with the triangle, hit update drivers, then point it to where you extracted my drivers.
Sent from my Amazon Kindle Fire HD running CM10.1 Tablet UI using xda-developers app
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It says windows cannot find driver software for your device.

Ok so I installed the updated drivers and got the yellow triangle gone. However the runme bat doesnt work.Its reading my kindle but it keeps saying the specified path does not exist and on a different updated runme bat it says adb not found.The runme bat that I downloaded from the tutorial I posted a link to even reboots my kindle and says its working but at the same time it says no specified path found when going through the prompt steps.And the superuser app doesnt appear on my kindle.
Heres a pic of my changed device manager.Can someone tell me if this is what its supposed to look like?(I tried using both Android composite and the plain ADB but it still didnt work)

angryhacker said:
Ok so I installed the updated drivers and got the yellow triangle gone. However the runme bat doesnt work.Its reading my kindle but it keeps saying the specified path does not exist and on a different updated runme bat it says adb not found.The runme bat that I downloaded from the tutorial I posted a link to even reboots my kindle and says its working but at the same time it says no specified path found when going through the prompt steps.And the superuser app doesnt appear on my kindle.
Heres a pic of my changed device manager.Can someone tell me if this is what its supposed to look like?(I tried using both Android composite and the plain ADB but it still didnt work)
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
that is exactly what it should look like. I just wrote a mini tutorial on the root thread. Someone had a question how to push the files manually. As of now it's the last post on that thread. Try manually pushing them. Also make sure adb is turned on via your tablet.

Im confused what do you mean by manually pushing them?Also ADB is on and it keeps saying cant find C:\windows\system\ric and cant find C:\dloads\GOOGLEKINDLE\RUN ric
C:\dloads\GOOGLEKINDLE\RUN is the folder in which the runme bat and root tool is.

My brother has an android phone so im just going to sideload the app that I wanted onto my kindle when I see him on New Years.Its just too much complicated work dealing with the drivers for a single app.