Related
Since one of the strengths of the N7 is that it's built for streaming, I'm wonder what other XDA'ers use for streaming their video collections. I'm talking across networks here, btw, not over a LAN (i.e. content stored locally on my home PC to my N7 while I'm on my college campus)
I have a dropbox account and a google drive account, but I can't possible store my videos there and I'm wondering if there's a solution out there yet for this kind of streaming. I'm thinking I might be able to rig something up with DLNA, but I can't turn up anything on this on the internet.
Ideally, I'd like something like Google Music for video (wouldn't we all), but I'll take anything to start. Anyone out there have a solution or know of a good service?
Trickee360 said:
Since one of the strengths of the N7 is that it's built for streaming, I'm wonder what other XDA'ers use for streaming their video collections. I'm talking across networks here, btw, not over a LAN (i.e. content stored locally on my home PC to my N7 while I'm on my college campus)
I have a dropbox account and a google drive account, but I can't possible store my videos there and I'm wondering if there's a solution out there yet for this kind of streaming. I'm thinking I might be able to rig something up with DLNA, but I can't turn up anything on this on the internet.
Ideally, I'd like something like Google Music for video (wouldn't we all), but I'll take anything to start. Anyone out there have a solution or know of a good service?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I would like to find a cloud service that supported video streaming. I think the Play Store and Amazon does but only for movies you purchase through them.
Not quite what you are looking for, but it works great for me is Plex. WWW.plexapp.com
Sent from my SAMSUNG-SGH-I747 using xda premium
Qloud also works very well.
I have a mybooklive 2tb that has all my videos and music on. Using wd2go I can access it anywhere. I dunno if that counts?
Sent from my Nexus 7 using xda premium
Oh yeah with the wd2go app you can connect your dropbox. So you could put videos on there. I don't know what the streaming it like as I haven't tested it. Also you would need a large account with them to make it worthwhile.
Sent from my Nexus 7 using xda premium
I don't know if you guys tried it, but you can stream movies from google drive.
I have subsonic for media server needs. Works great, bonus when you configure it for connection when not on the same network you can even access your media from any computer browser, if you even download say one of your mkv s from another computer the thing even zip s it up and sends it on its way
Sent from my Nexus 7 using Tapatalk 2
Plex is the best for video I've found. PC to n7.
Sent from my Nexus 7 using Tapatalk
AMoosa said:
Qloud also works very well.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Qloud is the greatest for local streaming. It will stream any type of movie format I have. I tried Plex, never could get to recognize a lot of my movies and the PC interface was buggy.
---------- Post added at 01:10 PM ---------- Previous post was at 01:02 PM ----------
atlman28 said:
I don't know if you guys tried it, but you can stream movies from google drive.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I know you can stream music from Google Drive using the Drive Tunes app, but there is no app to stream video. How do you do it WITHOUT downloading the video?
I've used multiple...but really the only two viable options I've found are Plex and Qloud, aside from hosting your own network server.
Plex is super easy to set up and works fairly well. No real complaints, except it seems to start video playback a bit later. I'm not sure if it's because the transcoding mechanism is slower or what...but it still works well.
Qloud is fantastic. It's the one I use right now and I have 0 problems with it. Took an extra ~5 minutes to set up, but totally worth it. I have different bitrates set for different devices and whether they're on 3G/4G, WAN WiFi, or local WiFi. Works perfectly.
Alright so ive been reading on some websites about how to cast sideloaded music to my Chrome Cast and the best answer seemed to be Avia, I dont have a problem paying for it but before I buy It id like to know what some of the details are...
1. Does it upload your music to the cloud and then stream it to the Chrome Cast from there?
2. Will it take up alot of my WiFi data?
3. Is it fast?
4. Does it have good sound quality?
Sent from my SAMSUNG-SGH-I537 using xda app-developers app
Avia works for both music and videos. It basically allows you to cast local media that is stored on your device, and it transmits it directly over your wifi network, not up to the cloud and back down.
I personally don't use it for music but for pictures/videos that I take on my phone, or movies that I have burned copies of. Quality is perfect and matches what I have on my phone.
Alright thanks, I just wanted to know before I buy
AndroidUser12345678910 said:
Alright so ive been reading on some websites about how to cast sideloaded music to my Chrome Cast and the best answer seemed to be Avia, I dont have a problem paying for it but before I buy It id like to know what some of the details are...
1. Does it upload your music to the cloud and then stream it to the Chrome Cast from there?
2. Will it take up alot of my WiFi data?
3. Is it fast?
4. Does it have good sound quality?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No
It'll use as much as the bitrate of the selected file, sending to Chromecast, and Chromecast will need the same bitrate to receive, so unless your casting device is on a wired segment or separate AP, expect to to use 2x the bitrate of the file on your WiFi. See the links in my sig.
Not sure what you mean here. If you're wondering about the browsing speed, it maintains a media database so it's pretty quick unless you need to refresh the media database, which can take a while if you have a lot of media. They've been improving that part of the equation.
Browsing a remote DLNA source depends on the network and the source.
Audio quality is entirely dependent on your source. Avia does not transcode or convert your sources.
Note that RealPlayer Cloud is free and can also cast local nedia. It only requires upload to their cloud if the selected file is not Chromecast-compatible (whereas Avia will tell you that it's not compatible and not do anything with it).
will i be able to play local files without biting into data i have? from my macbook / android phone to google chromecast
please advise?
also is there a way to play xbmc to chromecast
thank you
wakkaday said:
will i be able to play local files without biting into data i have? from my macbook / android phone to google chromecast
please advise?
also is there a way to play xbmc to chromecast
thank you
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes only the Player will use Internet, The actual local streaming does not need Internet access.
CCast uses Internet to load the player and then the file stream over local network no net required once the player is loaded.
As for playing XBMC to CCast best solution I have found is Yatse Remote but it requires in app one time payment to unlock local cast, Once there Install the cast Addon and the content on your XBMC HTPC can be streamed to your CCast.
how much internet do you think the player will need ? for a movie for example
ok thats good to know, could i play local files and continue browsing on my tablet / macbook for example....
would you reccomend getting one? or is roku streaming stick better
i believe miracast doesnt uses another technology which doesnt use data, but another way of using the internet.
wakkaday said:
how much internet do you think the player will need ? for a movie for example
...
i believe miracast doesnt uses another technology which doesnt use data, but another way of using the internet.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
The player is just a download of a HTML5 app (except for Netflix), it should be tiny, and doesn't matter what you're playing.
Miracast is screen mirroring, so it requires your device to play the movie, and what you see on your device is what goes to the TV.
The advantage is that often times the device can play more via software like MX Player. The disadvantage is that you cannot do other things with your device while playing the movie as exactly what you see on your device is what appears on the TV. Not so good if you get an embarrassing text message or something, and it'll use a lot of battery power.
The advantage to Chromecast is that Chromecast itself does the playback.. Once you make the request to play a video, you can do whatever you want on your device - even turn it off. Your device (or another device on your network) acts as the remote control.
Personally I really like it - I can browse YouTube and add videos to the TV Queue while stuff is playing full-screen on the TV.
I can play a movie in Netflix for my family to watch while I browser other movies they might like.
If I need to leave, my wife can run the same app and connect to Chromecast so she can pause/play/change things.
wakkaday said:
how much internet do you think the player will need ? .
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Probably no more than a few K to one MB.
thats good to know...
i will be mainly using my mac for downloaded content (so i need to install mac server) and then i need to install plex app for the chromecast right?
and for my android phone local files that will be via allcast?
whats the situation of playing local files via iphone?
and anything can be streamed across using the chrome browser...
i guess i will have to buy and experiement around and work it out, but thank you for your information
wakkaday said:
thats good to know...
i will be mainly using my mac for downloaded content (so i need to install mac server) and then i need to install plex app for the chromecast right?
and for my android phone local files that will be via allcast?
whats the situation of playing local files via iphone?
and anything can be streamed across using the chrome browser...
i guess i will have to buy and experiement around and work it out, but thank you for your information
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No you do not install anything on the CCast it does that automatically to load whatever player App is required to work with your Mobile App...
Plex App will tell it to load the Plex player, aVia will tell it to load the aVia Player, Netflix tells it to load the Netflix player.
Once the player is loaded into the CCast (ie in Plex it says Plexc ready to cast) no further internet should be required to stream local content.
For local on device media I suggest BubbleUPnP or aVia but that local content needs to be compatible with CCast.
\
ah ok thats explains it. i will be getting it delivered tomorrow....
when you say local content needs to be compatible, do you think i will be ok with the following...
i will be mainly trying to play avi and mkvs movies...
i know you can rename mkv to m2ts which some players will play
is real player cloud not a good app? thats free???
wakkaday said:
\
ah ok thats explains it. i will be getting it delivered tomorrow....
when you say local content needs to be compatible, do you think i will be ok with the following...
i will be mainly trying to play avi and mkvs movies...
i know you can rename mkv to m2ts which some players will play
is real player cloud not a good app? thats free???
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
CCast compatible means:
Container type MP4
Video Codec H.264
Audio Codec AAC or MP3
Video Bitrate not higher than 8Mbps
4-6 is a good compromise for compatibility with many devices and network conditions
RealPlayer Cloud is okay - but if your media is not Chromecast-compatible you have to upload it to their cloud and their servers will transcode it for you via their SurePlay feature.
You get 2GB of cloud for free and can get some additional storage by completing some tasks (referrals, share).
wakkaday said:
how much internet do you think the player will need ? for a movie for example
ok thats good to know, could i play local files and continue browsing on my tablet / macbook for example....
would you reccomend getting one? or is roku streaming stick better
i believe miracast doesnt uses another technology which doesnt use data, but another way of using the internet.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Please download EZCast App from Google Play, it can cast local video,music,pdf,word,excel,PPT to your chromecast and show on TV.
i tried this with my chromecast
and it was quite fiddly getting files to play (i could change some files from mkv to mp4 and they played but some files the sound didnt play. however using plex server on mac and i beemed it across it played fine... however i noticed the data took a hit
i was just messing about wiht a few files video and it took around 300mb? it seems its playing over wifi...rather then locally...
am i doing something wrong
Casting uses all my home network bandwidth
I can use my Lenovo A7000-a phone to cast to a windows display. It works well. No 3rd party software is used on either the phone or my desktop. However, it consumes my entire (abysmally low - Hey! its the Philippines) 5MBps network bandwidth. No other user on the local home router can access the internet. I would have thought the casting would just be a connection across the router, is this NOT the case? How can I improve this so no other users are affected?
I directly sent both local media from my device and internet media to chromecast connected to WiFi AP in tethered mode from same device: a thing that was deemed impossible.
Procedure:
1) started WiFi tethering on main device (Galaxy Note 2, N7100, 4.1.2 firmware, N.E.A.K kernel);
2) long pressed chromecast button to reset and start configuration;
3) used a second android device, with chromecast application, to configure the chromecast dongle with main device WiFi cloud;
4) turned off second device;
5) started Bubbleupnp on main device;
6) in devices tab, selected chromecast as renderer and "local media server" as library;
7) then in library tab, chose a video, and believe it or not it started playing on chromecast yabbadabbadoo!
I also successfully casted music files, Google plus photos, dropbox files, and whatnot from Bubbleupnp.
Then I tried another app, mirror4cast, which mirrors the android device screen to chromecast, and you know, this worked perfectly too
Finally, I got arrogant and decided to try YouTube. The official app does not recognize the chromecast dongle in this setup, so instead of using it, I opened my browser (mobile Firefox) and loaded a web page with several embedded YouTube videos. To send them to the chromecast dongle, I used another third party application, Web Video Caster. Full success, in fact I am enjoying a Rolling Stones video while writing this
Now people please experiment and confirm my findings, to exclude I am hallucinating or I got an happily defective unit…
Sent from my GT-N7100 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
mirror2cast? can't find an app in that name, can I get the link?
Sorry, it's mirror4cast
Mirror4cast
Download: https://market.android.com/details?id=org.libmirror4cast.app.free.trial
Sent from my GT-N7100 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
debernardis said:
I directly sent both local media from my device and internet media to chromecast connected to WiFi AP in tethered mode from same device: a thing that was deemed impossible.
Procedure:
1) started WiFi tethering on main device (Galaxy Note 2, N7100, 4.1.2 firmware, N.E.A.K kernel);
2) long pressed chromecast button to reset and start configuration;
3) used a second android device, with chromecast application, to configure the chromecast dongle with main device WiFi cloud;
4) turned off second device;
5) started Bubbleupnp on main device;
6) in devices tab, selected chromecast as renderer and "local media server" as library;
7) then in library tab, chose a video, and believe it or not it started playing on chromecast yabbadabbadoo!
I also successfully casted music files, Google plus photos, dropbox files, and whatnot from Bubbleupnp.
Then I tried another app, mirror4cast, which mirrors the android device screen to chromecast, and you know, this worked perfectly too
Finally, I got arrogant and decided to try YouTube. The official app does not recognize the chromecast dongle in this setup, so instead of using it, I opened my browser (mobile Firefox) and loaded a web page with several embedded YouTube videos. To send them to the chromecast dongle, I used another third party application, Web Video Caster. Full success, in fact I am enjoying a Rolling Stones video while writing this
Now people please experiment and confirm my findings, to exclude I am hallucinating or I got an happily defective unit…
Sent from my GT-N7100 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I will try this method...
Is this Different than just using AllCast. Doesn't AllCast stream directly?
player911 said:
Is this Different than just using AllCast. Doesn't AllCast stream directly?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
AllCast streams media directly from the device to Chromecast.
mirror4cast streams what's on the device's screen (including UI) to Chromecast.
"Normal" aka "optimized" streaming with Chromecast is not dependent on the controlling device (after the cast is started) - Chromecast itself goes and retrieves the video stream directly.
bhiga said:
AllCast streams media directly from the device to Chromecast.
mirror4cast streams what's on the device's screen (including UI) to Chromecast.
"Normal" aka "optimized" streaming with Chromecast is not dependent on the controlling device (after the cast is started) - Chromecast itself goes and retrieves the video stream directly.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yea I know how it normally works. So this just does screen mirroring vs local streaming as with AllCast.
Mirror4Cast = Mirroring phone screen content to TV
AllCast = Media Streaming content to TV
Nice
debernardis said:
I directly sent both local media from my device and internet media to chromecast connected to WiFi AP in tethered mode from same device: a thing that was deemed impossible.
Procedure:
1) started WiFi tethering on main device (Galaxy Note 2, N7100, 4.1.2 firmware, N.E.A.K kernel);
2) long pressed chromecast button to reset and start configuration;
3) used a second android device, with chromecast application, to configure the chromecast dongle with main device WiFi cloud;
4) turned off second device;
5) started Bubbleupnp on main device;
6) in devices tab, selected chromecast as renderer and "local media server" as library;
7) then in library tab, chose a video, and believe it or not it started playing on chromecast yabbadabbadoo!
I also successfully casted music files, Google plus photos, dropbox files, and whatnot from Bubbleupnp.
Then I tried another app, mirror4cast, which mirrors the android device screen to chromecast, and you know, this worked perfectly too
Finally, I got arrogant and decided to try YouTube. The official app does not recognize the chromecast dongle in this setup, so instead of using it, I opened my browser (mobile Firefox) and loaded a web page with several embedded YouTube videos. To send them to the chromecast dongle, I used another third party application, Web Video Caster. Full success, in fact I am enjoying a Rolling Stones video while writing this
Now people please experiment and confirm my findings, to exclude I am hallucinating or I got an happily defective unit…
Sent from my GT-N7100 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Is this dependent on the ROM and/or kernel you are using? Did the kernel developer do something special?
rkirmeier said:
Is this dependent on the ROM and/or kernel you are using? Did the kernel developer do something special?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Might just be some built-in intelligent routing or bridging.
I am using the N.E.A.K. kernel for the Note 2. Stock firmware 4.1.2.
I don't know if this kernel has any special features which allow what I described.
Still hope that someone tries on his own to confirm my findings.
Sent from my GT-N7100 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
debernardis said:
I directly sent both local media from my device and internet media to chromecast connected to WiFi AP in tethered mode from same device: a thing that was deemed impossible.
Procedure:
1) started WiFi tethering on main device (Galaxy Note 2, N7100, 4.1.2 firmware, N.E.A.K kernel);
2) long pressed chromecast button to reset and start configuration;
3) used a second android device, with chromecast application, to configure the chromecast dongle with main device WiFi cloud;
4) turned off second device;
5) started Bubbleupnp on main device;
6) in devices tab, selected chromecast as renderer and "local media server" as library;
7) then in library tab, chose a video, and believe it or not it started playing on chromecast yabbadabbadoo!
I also successfully casted music files, Google plus photos, dropbox files, and whatnot from Bubbleupnp.
Then I tried another app, mirror4cast, which mirrors the android device screen to chromecast, and you know, this worked perfectly too
Finally, I got arrogant and decided to try YouTube. The official app does not recognize the chromecast dongle in this setup, so instead of using it, I opened my browser (mobile Firefox) and loaded a web page with several embedded YouTube videos. To send them to the chromecast dongle, I used another third party application, Web Video Caster. Full success, in fact I am enjoying a Rolling Stones video while writing this
Now people please experiment and confirm my findings, to exclude I am hallucinating or I got an happily defective unit…
Sent from my GT-N7100 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Question in order to use bubbleupnp do you need to install any server application or software on the desktop which need to on when you want to use bubbleupnp or no as I am having problem casting trough that thanks
Of course the setting I described doesn't include any external desktop server , only phone and chromecast. This allows to show only chromecast - compatible media, not those that have to be converted on the fly.
Sent from my GT-N7100 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
I'm replying to let you know that this method works perfectly. I just bought a Chromecast yesterday for work. I assumed before buying it that I could just stream directly from my phone to the Chromecast without a WiFi network, not realising what an issue this was. I spent about an hour fooling around with it and stumbled upon bubbleupnp by accident. I hadn't figured out the streaming from online part yet though so well done on that. If it's of any use to anyone I am doing this from a galaxy S5 using the stock ROM with no root so I don't think the OP's custom ROM or Kernel enable anything special. I tried most of the other DLNA and upnp apps and none worked as well for me as bubbleupnp did.
OP, I found bubble plays the MP4's just fine but I can't get AVI's working, have you figured out a way to transcoded on the fly without the need for a PC?
I can get some avi files to show, other not, and haven't investigated yet where is the difference. I don't think it's easy to transcode on the fly with the phone's processor, even if maybe with the most recent ones that might be feasible. We should look for something like the bubbleupnp server.
Maybe running it in a Linux session on the same phone?
I'll look into that.
Sent from my GT-N7100 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
Apps can only stream video that the Chromecast supports naitively. I found a short list of other apps that work this way on my Nexus 5.
Real Player Cloud - free. Stream videos and music directly from device or the 3GB of online storage you get, also for free.
Tv Portal - donate for the Chromecast patch. Stream a pretty large list of recent TV and movies.
Vevo - free. Stream full concerts and music videos.
Google+ photos - free. Stream pictures and videos from your online backup.
Stevie - free. Facebook and Twitter as a stream.
Google Play Music - free app paid subscription (it should stream without a subscription if you buy music by the track or upload your own). Stream music from Google Servers.
I gave it a try and it worked great, but I thought, what will happen if my phone doesn't have a data signal? So I made a bogus APN so that I wouldn't have any signal and then turned on the hotspot and tried it. No luck, chomecast wants to verify that it is connected to the internet before you can cast anything to it. Can anyone find a way around this little problem?
Yes, I second that. When I tried to hook my Chromecast to the wifi ap *without* a second device (giving the Chromecast the sid of my WiFi ap and - only afterwards - starting WiFi tethering) it worked for a while than stopped complaining that it could not authenticate with Google Play Services.
Sent from my GT-N7100 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
New mirror feature works over AP on my nexus 5!!!
Also mirror4cast mirrored on internal AP in tethering mode. Good for presentations on the go.
debernardis said:
Also mirror4cast mirrored on internal AP in tethering mode. Good for presentations on the go.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I'm trying to have the chromecast connect to my phones wifi tether hotspot but in doing so I cannot enable a wifi connection to then connect to the chromecast. The chromecast app says it needs to turn wifi back on and thus tethering off. I'm using the MirrorEnabler for chromecast.
Is there any way to force data to be used for internet while my phones wifi is connected to a internetless router along with the chromecast? This is the closest ive got aside from the chromecast still needing some sort of validation from the internet to allow me to stream to it. I was able to test this locally and after setting up screencasting, I disconnected the router and was still able to stream the screen. I however lost the ability for my phone to get content as well.
A usually hidden chromecast wifi network also popped up on my phone once and I was able to directly connect to my chromecasts wifi and screencast that way. I haven't seen it since however.
Hey folks,
first of all thanks for the HubCap root (and sorry for my bad english, i'm a german pupil)!
with the root i managed to get rid of the dependancy for an active internet connection.
now follows the next problem:
how can i stream local media directly from my laptop to chromecast? im seriuously talking about a DIRECT stream from pc to chromecast.
i know one reason for rooting was streaming local media to cc like stated in another thread.
bhiga said:
Initially there were more reasons to root, like the ability to send local files to Chromecast. However, [...] Google-approved apps like [...] Plex were released to bridge that gap.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
in the past i've used plex to stream via iphone 5c but i downgraded to an iphone 4 which can't guarantee me a fluid playback of transcoded and even normal fullHD content.
at my new flat internet and wifi aren't available. now i can't stream without a wifi connection, i'm not sure if i't'll work when i set up wifi via iphone cydia app as a point to connect laptop and cc.
i forgot to tell you: before plex i was using universal media server for a ps3 or a xbmc-client on iphone and ipad to watch media from my laptop.
Purah said:
Hey folks,
first of all thanks for the HubCap root (and sorry for my bad english, i'm a german pupil)!
with the root i managed to get rid of the dependancy for an active internet connection.
now follows the next problem:
how can i stream local media directly from my laptop to chromecast? im seriuously talking about a DIRECT stream from pc to chromecast.
i know one reason for rooting was streaming local media to cc like stated in another thread.
in the past i've used plex to stream via iphone 5c but i downgraded to an iphone 4 which can't guarantee me a fluid playback of transcoded and even normal fullHD content.
at my new flat internet and wifi aren't available. now i can't stream without a wifi connection, i'm not sure if i't'll work when i set up wifi via iphone cydia app as a point to connect laptop and cc.
i forgot to tell you: before plex i was using universal media server for a ps3 or a xbmc-client on iphone and ipad to watch media from my laptop.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You can't stream anything without an Internet connection...Sorry.
The quote you refer to was in relation to an APP that was not on Google's Whitelist that was included in the Team Eureka Whitelist.
But both still require an internet connection to work.
As for Plex your old iPhone4 should not be a factor because the Plex server itself does the transcoding not the Phone.
But again without internet access there is no way for the CCast to load up the Plex Player/Receiver to play anything.
HI I HAVE A QUESTION:
Do i need to subscribe to the monthly or yearly subscribtion just to use plex? Cause i have already bought the app.
tholomew said:
HI I HAVE A QUESTION:
Do i need to subscribe to the monthly or yearly subscribtion just to use plex? Cause i have already bought the app.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No! If you bought the app the rest is free...
PlexPass is not required to use Plex it is just a sort of a paid Beta Test program where you get first crack at newer features that eventually will make it to the non-plexpass users.
At one time CCast support required you to be a Plex Pass member but it's now available to everyone.
Now that they have upped the prices on PlexPass I doubt many will sign up for it anymore.
I have a lifetime membership but I bought it when it was still relatively cheap.
You SHOULD however still create a Plex.tv account as that is also free and it helps you to find your server and stream when you are not on the same local network as your server.
Ok thanks i also bought xda premium and im loving it!
so no offline streaming, and no ease at UPNP/DLNA with the root. looks like the cc died to me
Purah said:
so no offline streaming, and no ease at UPNP/DLNA with the root. looks like the cc died to me
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I does the streaming offline (Stream doesn't use Internet Data) but it needs the internet to load the player app to stream the local video to.