[Guide]Safely root the nexus 5 and keep warranty - Nexus 5 General

I did this with my nexus 5 and I thought It should be useful and handy as well as useful to keep warranty.
I want to thank all the great devs who have made all this things down here and made our devices more useful
+Chainfire​
Osmosis
And the ppl on XDA
THIS IS THE SAFEST AND THE MOST USEFUL WAY OF ROOTING AND UNLOCKING BOOTLOADERS AND STILL KEEPING WARRANTY
FIRST OF ALL FEW THINGS ABOUT NEXUS 5 WE MAY OR MAY NOT KNOW
1:- THERE IS A NEW IMPLEMENTATION LIKE WHAT SAMSUNG DID FROM NOTE 2, S3 AND SOME DEVICES AFTER THAT LIKE THE EFS PARTITION AND FLASH COUNTER THEORIES (THE REASON WHY I HATE SAMSUNG'S PLASTIC ****)
2:- IN NEXUS 5 WE DONT HAVE A SEPERATE PARTITION FOR EFS BUT THE THING IS PUT IN BY GOOGLE. IT CAN ACCIDENTALLY WIPE WHILE FLASHING CUSTOM ROMS, FACTORY IMAGES OR ANY OTHER THING AND MAY RENDER YOUR DEVICE USELESS LEAVING YOU WITH A DEVICE WITH UNKNOW IMEI AND SERIAL NUMBER ( THERE IS ONE CASE OF THIS THING HAPPENING TO A USER ON XDA)
3:- THE BOOTLOADER HAS A HASTAMPER FLAG WHICH WHEN REBOOTING TO BOOTLOADER AND CONNECTED TO THE PC AND RUNNING A COMMAND IN COMMAND PROMPT IN WINDOWS AND TERMINAL IN LINUX AND MAC ( I HATE APPLE)
AND TYPING IN THE COMMAND fastboot oem device-info
Displays this three things:-
Device tamper: [true/false]
Boot loader unlock : [true/false]
Secure boot:[enabled/disabled]
Now we all know the ppl at the manufacturing company [Samsung for gnex/ lg for nexus 4]
Use to see our bootloader status for warranty
Now things and technology have changed and so is the security and policies of companies
So if the device tamper shows true then be aware that the warranty is void of our very own latest Google flagship phone
THINGS THAT WE NEED FOR ROOTING AND BACKING UP RECOVERY, EFS AND CHANGING THE DECIVE TAMPER FLAG TO FALSE
1:adb and fastboot tools for Linux/windows/MAC search it on google to how to setup Adb and fastboot for your respective OS
Also enable development settings by tapping build number in 7 times and enable USB debugging in development settings and don't consider yourself a developer after doing so, it need much more to be a developer in Android
2:-cf-auto-root from
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2507211
you will get all the info that the cf-auto-root will wipe all your data and unlock your bootloader, so make a backup of all your data and all those things that you want
Now we have a rooted devices
Now download http://downloads.codefi.re/autoprime/LG/Nexus_5/Nexus_5_Backup_EFS.zip and copy it to the sdcard
2:- now we need to relock the bootloader
This step needs two things
A custom recovery either twrp or Clockworkmod I prefer Twrp over cwm (Twrp is user friendly but when it comes to flashing my favorite ROM Catacalysm, I prefer Cwm )
Download this
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2239421 and move it to the internal storage
Done with the recovery. Now copy the recovery in platform-tool in Android-Sdk in window. Or if u are in Linux then copy it to the Home directory not on desktop.
Now open Terminal
And type
sudo apt-get install adb
sudo apt-get install fastboot
This will install adb and fastboot
Now navigate to the folder in which you have saved the recovery
By cd ~/Home
In windows copy the recovery.img to platform tools that is better rather than CD ing
And hold shift and right click and select open command prompt here
Now u are ready for the commands to put in
There are no different commands for windows and Linux but Mac have commands like ./fastboot
So now connect the device The. Computer and start the commands to put in
1st command
adb devices
Accept what pops up on your device
2nd command
adb reboot-bootloader (Linux)
adb reboot bootloader (windows)
./adb reboot-bootloader (Mac)
Now you may know what the command does it will reboot to bootloader
3rd Command
fastboot devices
The serial number show up with device online status
4th command
fastboot oem device-info the one I mentioned previously It above
It will display the device tamper and bootloader info
5th command
Ensure that you have the recovery.img in platform-tools and your command prompt is opened in platform-tools/ you have navigated to the directory in which the recovery is placed
Now type the following command
fastboot boot recovery.img
(Ensure that the downloaded recovery is renamed to recovery.img | if while renaming in windows it may come out like recovery.img.img so just remove the one .IMG )
This won't replace the stock recovery partition
But
Your device will boot into Twrp
Or Cwm only
Here make a system backup Advanced backup will have an option for efs backup just tick all of others except the efs and backup. It will be saved to sdcard and move it to ur PC This will be helpful while Ota updates. If u want you can backup efs also. You can follow this step to recover everything at the time of OTA
4)
Now when u are in the recovery just flash the cwmnexusbooloaderunlock.zip
And Nexus_5_Efs_backup.zip one after the another.
BY THIS PROCESS YOU WILL RELOCK THE BOOTLOADER AND CHANGE THE HASTAMPER TO FALSE. YOU CAN CHECK THAT AGAIN BY THE 4TH COMMAND MENTIONED ABOVE. You will also have a folder in the sdcard with efs1,efs2 and efsflashable.zip named efs_backup transfer / copy this to PC AND FLASH THIS WHENEVER U LOSE THE SERIAL NUMBER AND IMEI
WITH THIS YOU HAVE A ROOTED DEVICE WITH A BOOTLOADER LOCKED AND WARRANTY INTACT
Now download 3 apps from play store
Flashify
Bootunlocker
Use flashify to backup current recovery and kernel
And bootunlocker to unlock the bootloader without tampering the
Hastamper flags and without wiping data and u can relock with the same u can verify it by my favorite command
Optional :-
Use tasker and its plugins and follow every tutorial about tasker
Actions that I use are like call recording , wave to take call, and activating voice while incoming call when in silent mode.
I also use xposed framework
Gravitybox, AppsOpsXposed, Google search Api , smoother system progress bars.
ROMS AND KERNELS I USE ARE
OMNIROM:- BEING A CONTRIBUTOR
CATACALYSM:- Favorite
Might come with my own ROM in the future
KERNELS:-
BRICKED, FRANCO AND ELEMENTAL X
I MAY ALSO COME UP WITH A KERNEL OF MY OWN NAMED PRIME KERNEL IN JANUARY
BACKUP APPS:-
GO BACKUP
TITANIUM BACKUP
THIS WILL BE USEFUL WHEN U RETURN TO STOCK WITH TWRP U CAN USE THEM TO GET YOUR APPS AND GET THE OTA WITHOUT LOOSING THE DATA
KUDO AND THANKS TO ALL THE DEVELOPERS AND PEOPLE AND ALL THE BEST WITH ROOTING AND DONT MESS UP YOUR DEVICE AND
FOLLOW THE COMMAND PROPERLY I HAVE DONE THIS MANY A TIMES DO IT PROPERLY I AM NOT RESPONSIBLE IF YOU GO WRONG AND MESS UP YOUR DEVICE
The EFS BACKUP SCRIPT IS NOT MY CREATION AND NOT THE SCRIPT THAT RELOCKS THE BOOTLOADER
OSMOSIS MADE THE CWM UNLOCK BOOTLOADER SCRIPT AND SORRY THE PERSON WHO MADE THE EFS BACKUP SCRIPT I AM REALLY SORRY I DONT REMEMBER YOUR NAME THANKS TO ALL OF YOU GUYS
ALL THE BEST 
Sent from my Nexus 5 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app

Mohhamad Rehan said:
2:- now we need to relock the bootloader
This step needs two things
A custom recovery either twrp or Clockworkmod I prefer Twrp over cwm (Twrp is user friendly but when it comes to flashing my favorite ROM Catacalysm, I prefer Cwm )
Download this
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2507211 and move it to the internal storage
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
This links to Chainfire's Auto-Root thread. Is that correct?

Yes but its not the download page its the thread just follow it properly and read it
Sent from my Nexus 5 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app

Oops sorry I will edit
Sent from my Nexus 5 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app

OP UPDATED
Sent from my Nexus 5 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app

Super. I already rooted and such but I didn't even consider relocking the bootloader and resetting the tamper flag.
Great guide.

Nexus Tool Kit can do all this for you no need to do this on your own by typing in commands, just saying.

OK does wugfresh and skipsoft relock and changes the hastamper flags to false there is a difference in toolkits and actual guides I wrote this because I did not want any thanks but I just wanted to share what I did. I don't have any harsh feelings towards toolkit but after sometime they make you lazy and you won't learn. Just Read the whole thread and tell me if its useful or not. I am a Linux user so I don't use toolkits
Sent from my Nexus 5 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app

I just want you to ask mskip and the wugfresh toolkit creater that does their toolkits changes hastamper flags to false after unlocking the bootloader
Sent from my Nexus 5 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app

Deleted

egofreak said:
Deleted
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
What deleted
Sent from my Nexus 5 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app

Have there been any reports of Google / LG not honouring the warranty due to this flag? My first N5 went back to LG on a warranty swap with just a regular bootloader relock. Haven't heard a complaint yet.
Sent from my Nexus 5 using Tapatalk

cmstlist said:
Have there been any reports of Google / LG not honouring the warranty due to this flag? My first N5 went back to LG on a warranty swap with just a regular bootloader relock. Haven't heard a complaint yet.
Sent from my Nexus 5 using Tapatalk
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Well there may or may not be any smart customer service agents there but maybe we sometimes don't have luck so we can have a problem then my guide just for help but it may or may not be helpful but I think is worth it and its main moto is to unlock and relock the bootloader without loosing data and messing up the temper flag and backing up the efs

cmstlist said:
Have there been any reports of Google / LG not honouring the warranty due to this flag? My first N5 went back to LG on a warranty swap with just a regular bootloader relock. Haven't heard a complaint yet.
Sent from my Nexus 5 using Tapatalk
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Sent mine back with standard boot loader lock as well, we'll see how this turns out. Had no idea Google was flagging now.

mr mystery said:
Sent mine back with standard boot loader lock as well, we'll see how this turns out. Had no idea Google was flagging now.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
mr mystery said:
Sent mine back with standard boot loader lock as well, we'll see how this turns out. Had no idea Google was flagging now.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
So can u give us an update regarding ur device
Sent from my Nexus 5 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app

I sent mine back with a standard bootloader relock. A few days ago I phoned Google to verify that everything is in order. They said yes, the case is closed. I did not ask about bootloaders and they did not indicate any red flags.

Mohhamad Rehan said:
So can u give us an update regarding ur device
Sent from my Nexus 5 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Once I know I'll update, the returned device was signed for yesterday evening, not sure how long the process takes after that.

HASTAMPER switch possibly remnant from G2 as they are similar device.

Mohhamad Rehan said:
Download this
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2239421 and move it to the internal storage
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Which of these files I have to download? Screenshot

eXtreme117y said:
Which of these files I have to download?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
cwm-Nexus.BootUnlocker.zip

Related

[Q] Recovery Mode on LG Optimus L90 (D415)

I'm trying to root my T-Mobile L90 as per this guide: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2732311
But T-Mobile has locked out Recovery Mode so that button combinations and "adb reboot recovery" do not work.
Does anybody know of a way that I can remove this restriction or force recovery mode?
serenechaos said:
I'm trying to root my T-Mobile L90 as per this guide: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2732311
But T-Mobile has locked out Recovery Mode so that button combinations and "adb reboot recovery" do not work.
Does anybody know of a way that I can remove this restriction or force recovery mode?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I think the newer LG phones like this use:
adb recovery
not
adb reboot recovery like every other device out there...
es0tericcha0s said:
I think the newer LG phones like this use:
adb recovery
not
adb reboot recovery like every other device out there...
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I tried this, no dice. ADB simply spat out a list of accepted commands and arguments.
My bad, I got it mixed up. It's:
adb shell
reboot recovery
I don't have the phone and just remembered something about it from the other day. Found this for you:
http://www.lg-phones.org/how-to-root-lg-l90.html
I have used abd shell to try and run both "reboot recovery" and "reboot bootloader" commands, to no avail.
That link is an identical rooting guide to the one I linked, it doesn't have any information about dealing with T-Mobile devices locked out of recovery mode =(
Hmm. Thought that was the whole point of having to use those commands because 99% of other phones get to recovery just from:
adb reboot recovery
only.
I found another thread that explained it's an issue with just some Tmo and Metro versions. Weird. They aren't like that on their premium phones but more...mid grade ones they are? Doesn't make much sense.
So is it not possible to root the t-Mobile L90??
Sent from my LG-D415 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
Not that I've seen posted anywhere. I believe that the L70 for Metro and Tmo suffer from the same issue.
Sent from my Nexus 5 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
I think I'm gonna switch to the galaxy s 5 with T-Mobile then surely that one can be rooted
Sent from my LG-D415 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
shaneg79 said:
I think I'm gonna switch to the galaxy s 5 with T-Mobile then surely that one can be rooted
Sent from my LG-D415 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Easily. Either via CF-Root or via custom recovery + SuperSU zip or custom rom.
There is a root for LG L90 D415!!!
I have been looking for a root for a few days and have finally found one!!!
STEPS:
1. Go to Towelroot.com and click the icon.
2.After Installing APK Reboot Device.
3.After Reboot download the SuperSU Apk.
4.Download Root Checker off the play store
For Downloads:
Towelroot: Google Towelroot.com
For SuperSu: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2770938&page=7 <-------------- Scroll Down to last post
For RootChecker: Go to Play Store and Search for Root Checker.
If You Have any issues or questions please leave a reply.
All Credit Goes to the developer Geohotz
LG L90 (D405)And as in the model inputs in recovery mode.?
serenechaos said:
I'm trying to root my T-Mobile L90 as per this guide: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2732311
But T-Mobile has locked out Recovery Mode so that button combinations and "adb reboot recovery" do not work.
Does anybody know of a way that I can remove this restriction or force recovery mode?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I got the recovery working, all i did was flash twrp through flashify once rooted with toweroot and did the factory reset method (hold power and volume down them realease power and hold again) and factory reset (didnt actually reset just went to recovery.?.) and boom in recovery
towelroot no longer works on D41510E
Towelroot does not work on my D415 with D41510E version
Still trying to find a root method that work on this release...
r1pw1n said:
Towelroot does not work on my D415 with D41510E version
Still trying to find a root method that work on this release...
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Been looking for days, i've tried most methods i can find, nothings worked so far. I hope some one can find one.
Sent from my LG-D415 using XDA Free mobile app
You would have to downgrade your firmware version to 10c first to root using TowelRoot (the easiest method). Then you can use the LG Flash Tool and the 10c kdz to do so. After the flash completes, TowelRoot will work. Then put the twrp on your sd card (preferably the phone sd) and follow the steps in the thread: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2770938&page=156 post #1560
Took me some time, but now my phone is rooted. OH, and don't forget to disable OTA updates:
You can do this by dialing the following code: 3845#*415#
Having entered the system menu, scroll to WLAN Test.
Select OTA Setting option and turn it off by tapping the Disable button.
My Anti Virus thinks Towelroot is infected..whats up with that?
ExcaliburEX said:
My Anti Virus thinks Towelroot is infected..whats up with that?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Because TowelRoot alters the system to enable root. Any program which modifies system files that is not specifically anti-virus software is usually seen as a virus.
Sent from my LG-D415 using XDA Free mobile app
xanscorp said:
Because TowelRoot alters the system to enable root. Any program which modifies system files that is not specifically anti-virus software is usually seen as a virus.
Sent from my LG-D415 using XDA Free mobile app
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I mean the anti virus program on my windows PC
ExcaliburEX said:
I mean the anti virus program on my windows PC
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Because it's a hack. Very common with apps like that and over aggressive AV programs. Long as you got it from the official site, the warnings mean nothing and are just an annoyance.

[Q] How to Root T-Mobile Nexus 6?

I see Chainfire uploaded the nexus 6 flashable image today to root the nexus. Found it here. http://autoroot.chainfire.eu/
With that being said this is my first nexus device I have always been on the note series. Could someone give me step by step instuctions on how too root the nexus 6 and how to unroot it? Bring it back to 1000% stock? THANKS!
Well since you already found autoroot. All you really need to do is download the zip and execute the files corresponding to your Operating System. Everything is included in there, it will simply unlock your bootloader and then root your phone.
100% Stock... https://developers.google.com/android/nexus/images -- download shamu and do the same thing there.
Unroot.. just remove SuperSU and its binaries.
zephiK said:
Well since you already found autoroot. All you really need to do is download the zip and execute the files corresponding to your Operating System. Everything is included in there, it will simply unlock your bootloader and then root your phone.
100% Stock... https://developers.google.com/android/nexus/images -- download shamu and do the same thing there.
Unroot.. just remove SuperSU and its binaries.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Wow dude! This is super easy compared to smasungs note using ondon. Worrying about knox flags ect ect. Samsung im done! Hello Nexus =D
How do I lock the bootloader again tho and go back to stock one? Chainfire's file unlocked it but how do you relock it?
cwwjr1681 said:
Wow dude! This is super easy compared to smasungs note using ondon. Worrying about knox flags ect ect. Samsung im done! Hello Nexus =D
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thats the joy of devices with a unlockable bootloader. The process is fairly simple and easy to do Toolkits aren't present at this time, but its very easy to do without toolkits that I encourage people to manually root their N6 as it isn't a long process when compared to other phones such as Samsung.
removed.
zephiK said:
Thats the joy of devices with a unlockable bootloader. The process is fairly simple and easy to do Toolkits aren't present at this time, but its very easy to do without toolkits that I encourage people to manually root their N6 as it isn't a long process when compared to other phones such as Samsung.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Just so I make sure I am on par here. Bricking devices are never fun.. What do I need to do step by step to root my nexus 6 using the file from Chainfire I downloaded?
Next what do I need to do step by step to relock my bootloader and go back to 100% stock now that I know where to get the stock image?
Am I going to need to install the android SDK? Or can I do this all from within windows? if I need the kit so do I just follow this video? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEof4Rnh4oM&hd=1
Thanks in advance
cwwjr1681 said:
Just so I make sure I am on par here. Bricking devices are never fun.. What do I need to do step by step to root my nexus 6 using the file from Chainfire I downloaded?
Next what do I need to do step by step to relock my bootloader and go back to 100% stock now that I know where to get the stock image?
Am I going to need to install the android SDK? Or can I do this all from within windows? if I need the kit so do I just follow this video? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEof4Rnh4oM&hd=1
Thanks in advance
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You don't need a step-by-step.. if you're using Windows, double click the file that says windows then a window will pop up and do all the work for you.
If you want to relock your bootloader, simply just type fastboot oem lock. Please google search this stuff, even though its not Nexus 6 specific. The Nexus 5 or 4 or Galaxy Nexus threads will show you how to relock your bootloader as they're the same in terms of bootloader unlocking/locking.
Stock image.... I already linked you that.
Android fastboot etc are already included in the Auto Root zip.
Please don't overthink this, its fairly easy to do
zephiK said:
You don't need a step-by-step.. if you're using Windows, double click the file that says windows then a window will pop up and do all the work for you.
If you want to relock your bootloader, simply just type fastboot oem lock. Please google search this stuff, even though its not Nexus 6 specific. The Nexus 5 or 4 or Galaxy Nexus threads will show you how to relock your bootloader as they're the same in terms of bootloader unlocking/locking.
Stock image.... I already linked you that.
Android fastboot etc are already included in the Auto Root zip.
Please don't overthink this, its fairly easy to do
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thank you! So I guess I will need the android SDK installed to go back to stock and lock the bootloader but not to root the device. TY
cwwjr1681 said:
Thank you! So I guess I will need the android SDK installed to go back to stock and lock the bootloader but not to root the device. TY
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It could be possible you can execute the commands in the folder that consist of fastboot.exe. I wouldn't see why not assuming you have the drivers and whatnot installed.
There honestly is no point in relocking the bootloader though, just leave it unlocked. Having the bootloader locked causes too many problems if you decide to root again. Only point in relocking the bootloader is for warranty purposes.
zephiK said:
Thats the joy of devices with a unlockable bootloader. The process is fairly simple and easy to do Toolkits aren't present at this time, but its very easy to do without toolkits that I encourage people to manually root their N6 as it isn't a long process when compared to other phones such as Samsung.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Just heard that Wugfresh has updated his popular tool kit to include Nexus 6.
wtherrell said:
Just heard that Wugfresh has updated his popular tool kit to include Nexus 6.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I don't endorse using toolkits. Its already easy to do without one plus by using a toolkit you don't learn the skills of using adb/fastboot which is very important. See http://forum.xda-developers.com/galaxy-nexus/general/dangers-tool-kits-one-click-root-t1469909 for full details.
zephiK said:
I don't endorse using toolkits. Its already easy to do without one plus by using a toolkit you don't learn the skills of using adb/fastboot which is very important. See http://forum.xda-developers.com/galaxy-nexus/general/dangers-tool-kits-one-click-root-t1469909 for full details.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I started with a toolkit. Worked fine. Then my natural curiosity led me to learn adb/fast boot, which I prefer. For some, however, a good tool kit is a godsend. You probably still use ms Dos, python scripts, etc. for some things as do I. For a beginner, though, it can help to show them the awesomeness of Android with the freedom of an unlocked bootloader. Then the serious ones will likely stick around and gravitate to finding out how it all works.
I never rooted my N5 or even unlocked the bootloader, first Android that I never Rooted! It's been over a year since I've done any type of root so I feel like I've never done it! So please excuse my noobness in this but....
When I get my phone in hand, is this the very first thing I should do before even setting anythign up??
Instructions:
Step 1: Download the CF-Auto-Root zip file and extract the contents to a folder. We prefer placing these files on the desktop for easier access.
Step 2: Power off your Nexus 6, and boot the device into bootloader mode. To do so, hold down the Volume Down button and the Power button.
Step 3: Once you see the “Restart bootloader” message on the phone, let go of the keys and tap “Restart bootloader” to enter bootloader mode.
Step 4: Plug in the Nexus 6 to the PC or Mac and navigate to the location of the extracted contents.
Step 5: Now we need to run the automated root script.
For Windows:
Simply run the “root-windows.bat” file.
Jeimygirl said:
I never rooted my N5 or even unlocked the bootloader, first Android that I never Rooted! It's been over a year since I've done any type of root so I feel like I've never done it! So please excuse my noobness in this but....
When I get my phone in hand, is this the very first thing I should do before even setting anythign up??
Instructions:
Step 1: Download the CF-Auto-Root zip file and extract the contents to a folder. We prefer placing these files on the desktop for easier access.
Step 2: Power off your Nexus 6, and boot the device into bootloader mode. To do so, hold down the Volume Down button and the Power button.
Step 3: Once you see the “Restart bootloader” message on the phone, let go of the keys and tap “Restart bootloader” to enter bootloader mode.
Step 4: Plug in the Nexus 6 to the PC or Mac and navigate to the location of the extracted contents.
Step 5: Now we need to run the automated root script.
For Windows:
Simply run the “root-windows.bat” file.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Your steps are correct. However, when you Power on the phone with volume down + power there is no need to go to restart bootloader because you'll already be in bootloader mode.
For me, I did those same steps as you but I also had to install the USB drivers while in fastboot because auto root wasn't detecting my phone in bootloader mode.
Sent from my Nexus 6 using Tapatalk
zephiK said:
Your steps are correct. However, when you Power on the phone with volume down + power there is no need to go to restart bootloader because you'll already be in bootloader mode.
For me, I did those same steps as you but I also had to install the USB drivers while in fastboot because auto root wasn't detecting my phone in bootloader mode.
Sent from my Nexus 6 using Tapatalk
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
OK I have unlocked. Anything else I should do for now? Or am I good to start setting up my phone?
Jeimygirl said:
OK I have unlocked. Anything else I should do for now? Or am I good to start setting up my phone?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You're good, you can root your phone and all that jazz if you wish to do so.
Do we know if unlocking root etc trips any sort of counter? I know moto had counters in the past, but I'm coming from verizon's screw you samsung knox bull****, so you understand why I ask.
soupaloup said:
Do we know if unlocking root etc trips any sort of counter? I know moto had counters in the past, but I'm coming from verizon's screw you samsung knox bull****, so you understand why I ask.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No counters, the device is developed to have people tinker with their devices.
zephiK said:
No counters, the device is developed to have people tinker with their devices.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Didn't the Nexus 5 have a tamper flag??
http://www.android-hilfe.de/attachm...factory-restore-werkseinstellung-tampered.png
That shows what I am talking about. I would think this device would be no different.
joderme said:
Didn't the Nexus 5 have a tamper flag??
http://www.android-hilfe.de/attachm...factory-restore-werkseinstellung-tampered.png
That shows what I am talking about. I would think this device would be no different.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Correct, the N5 has one but it can be reset, with the 6, it also has a counter but we don't know yet if it can be reset.

[Q] How to unlock bootloader on 6.0 Stock

Hi,
So today I bought a Nexus 6. I straight away updated to 6.0, forgetting that I should have unlocked the bootloader! So now I wan to know if I can unlock the bootloader on stock! I really want root so thanks in advance to those who are able to help!!!
Regards
Yep, install the Android SDK (or just the tools adb and fastboot). If on windows install the driver, connect your phone, and type
fastboot flashing unlock
But this will erase everything on your device.
istperson said:
Yep, install the Android SDK (or just the tools adb and fastboot). If on windows install the driver, connect your phone, and type
fastboot flashing unlock
But this will erase everything on your device.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Before typing that command be sure to go into Developer options and enable both USB debugging and OEM unlocking.
Sent from my P01MA using Tapatalk
wtherrell said:
Before typing that command be sure to go into Developer options and enable both USB debugging and OEM unlocking.
Sent from my P01MA using Tapatalk
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes, sorry, I left that part out.
Also read a lot about rooting marshmallow, it's not that simple as it was with Lollipop. You need a modified boot.img with either a custom kernel, or with modified sepolicies file, before you root it, otherwise it will just stop booting.
You could always use Nexus Root Toolkit. It worked for me no problem.
I wouldn't recommend. It still does not substitite for reading about it before rooting, and if you read enough that you know what it's doing, then you know enough to do it yourself.
Remember, rootkits only work until the next update for marshmallow, then you have to wait until it's developer updates it, otherwise it'll softbrick the phone, and you'll have to undo it.
People come here constanly asking what's wrong with MRA58R? Because the rootkit worked perfectly with MRA58K, and now it displays a red triangle and won't boot.
So if you search xda for red triangle, you'll find also solutions that will actually make rootkits obsolete.
Sent from my Nexus 6 running cyosp using Tapatalk
istperson said:
I wouldn't recommend. It still does not substitite for reading about it before rooting, and if you read enough that you know what it's doing, then you know enough to do it yourself.
Remember, rootkits only work until the next update for marshmallow, then you have to wait until it's developer updates it, otherwise it'll softbrick the phone, and you'll have to undo it.
People come here constanly asking what's wrong with MRA58R? Because the rootkit worked perfectly with MRA58K, and now it displays a red triangle and won't boot.
So if you search xda for red triangle, you'll find also solutions that will actually make rootkits obsolete.
Sent from my Nexus 6 running cyosp using Tapatalk
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Toolkits are not recommended especialy for newbies, just learn a few simple adb/fastboot commands and stay in control all the way

How to Root my N6 w/o PC?

Hello XDA forums,
I really don't like the issue of trying to set the drivers of fastboot/google and so on....also all of these adb commands.
Is there a way to unlock bootloader & root by:
1) one of these "1 click" tools that do everything for the use? (such as "wugfresh Nexus Root Toolkit")
2) Just do everything by the phone? (if there is a possible to install some how a recovery such as twrp and than root by some app?)
Could anybody guide me through the steps, if needed?
Many thanks!
shabydog said:
Hello XDA forums,
I really don't like the issue of trying to set the drivers of fastboot/google and so on....also all of these adb commands.
Is there a way to unlock bootloader & root by:
1) one of these "1 click" tools that do everything for the use? (such as "wugfresh Nexus Root Toolkit")
2) Just do everything by the phone? (if there is a possible to install some how a recovery such as twrp and than root by some app?)
Could anybody guide me through the steps, if needed?
Many thanks!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
AFAIK you will need a pc to 1)unlock your bootloader and 2)flash TWRP. After that the rest can be done locally. I also never used any toolkit. Making it easy is making it more dangerous IMHO.
Droidphilev said:
I also never used any toolkit. Making it easy is making it more dangerous IMHO.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Second that.
shabydog said:
2) Just do everything by the phone? (if there is a possible to install some how a recovery such as twrp and than root by some app?)
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
So at least once you need to connect your phone to a desktop computer. It can be practically running anything, within reason of course: Wiindows. Mac OSX, Linux (almost any distro).
You need to unlock your bootloader with one command, but a warning here: Unlocking the bootloader will erase everything from your phone..
Then you need to install a custom recovery, preferably TWRP. After that everything can be done from the phone itself. Well at least until you soft brick it somehow, then you'll might have to use the PC again.
Also two things:
1. No OTAs for rooted phones
2. Don't lock your bootloader if you want to mess with it, because with a locked bootloader, and Enable OEM Unlocking set to off, and without TWRP, if you soft brick it accidentally, you are boned.
Hello XDA forums,
I really don't like the issue of trying to set the drivers of fastboot/google and so on.
Is there a way to unlock bootloader & root by:
1) one of these "1 click" tools that do everything for the use?
2) Just do everything by the phone? (if there is a possible to install some how a recovery such as twrp and than root by some app?)
Could anybody guide me through the steps, if needed?
And i really prefer to do it on the device and not by ADB commands.
@istperson
I dont want to mess with th BL ... only for installing dev roms (or later then the stock with root).
Many thanks!
shabydog said:
@istperson
I dont want to mess with th BL ... only for installing dev roms (or later then the stock with root).
Many thanks!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Well, you still will have to unlock it, if you want root, or want to flash a custom recovery.
Sent from my Nexus 6 running cyosp using Tapatalk
shabydog said:
......I really don't like the issue of trying to set the drivers of fastboot/google and so on!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Than do not 'root' your phone.
hi xda.. i want to root my phone but dont want to touch it. is there a way to root my n6 without touching it? :silly:
simms22 said:
hi xda.. i want to root my phone but dont want to touch it. is there a way to root my n6 without touching it? :silly:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Ha ha, or I don't want my birthday to be on the day I was born every year ?
I can recommend the NTRT, the Nexus Telepathic Rooting Tools.
OK.
I want to do that with a toolkit, only bcs it install the drivers.
What Is the most recommended and easiest to use?
I do looking for the 1 click do all.
Does NTRT do that?
Thank you all.
we are eventually goung to have a "my n6 is bricked, how do i fix it with one click" thread here. seriously though, thats what happens when you use toolkits, but do no real research about modding your device.
Toolkits are fine if you first understand what they are doing. Otherwise it's like giving a hand grenade to a child to play with.
Sent from my Nexus 6 using Tapatalk
shabydog said:
Could anybody guide me through the steps, if needed?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
<prev> step <next>
simms22 said:
seriously though, thats what happens when you use toolkits, but do no real research about modding your device.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I seriously belive that if a user know exactly for to chose and click - yes it could be great.
wtherrell said:
Toolkits are fine if you first understand what they are doing. Otherwise it's like giving a hand grenade to a child to play with.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It is fairly enough to read directions and slowly-slowly.
NLBeev said:
<prev> step <next>
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks!
==========================================================
Bottom line:
Guess many users completed the unlocking & rooting by this tool
Why not?
shabydog said:
I seriously belive that if a user know exactly for to chose and click - yes it could be great.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
i agree with you. if there is somebody who knows the ins and outs already, a one click root would be great. and there will be. problem is that marshmallow just came out, and a few things have changed, like like yoe also need a custom kernel to have root on marshmallow.
shabydog said:
I seriously belive that if a user know exactly for to chose and click - yes it could be great.
It is fairly enough to read directions and slowly-slowly.
Bottom line:
Guess many users completed the unlocking & rooting by this tool
Why not?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
There is a reason you're pushing this topic, and I'm quite sure it's because you would feel safer, if there was a tool that did the scary things instead of you. Well, there's no such tool. If you were willing to search XDA, you would find out that the first two weeks after Marshmallow came out were about people bricking their Nexus 6s with toolkits. Then the toolkit got updated and suddenly it knew that is has to flash a modified boot.img too for the root not to brick the phone. But for two weeks it didn't know, because it wasn't necessary for Lollipop. And it will only work until the next security update comes out. And that's once a month.
Meanwhile those who were willing to use the search function, and learned the five minute procedure, were able to update their rooted phones to the next security update and were able to root it as soon as the new modified boot image came out.
And this above is not something somebody will put in a help, or instructions for future updates.
Actually, this is my first time and I was able to do it pretty easily.
fastboot devices
fastboot oem unlock
my bootloader was unlocked within 30 seconds of turning it on.
then, you can easily root via CF Auto root. Just put it into fastboot then doubleclick on the windows, then root, etc....
or.............go into fastboot flash recovery twrpxxxx.img, then it always offers to run SuperSU, and you get custom recovery and root at the same time, etc......
actually the biggest pain is unlocking the bootloader. My Galaxy S4 already was unlocked, so all I did was use goomanager, flash TWRP which always offers to run SuperSU if you don't have it.
Pretty easy, I did unlock bootloader, root, and custom recovery in 10 min.
---------- Post added at 01:48 AM ---------- Previous post was at 01:44 AM ----------
............................Then I got sick of stock Google's ROM in 15 min and wiped it and put a custom ROM instead.
Thank you all so much...
@mikeprius
Thank you so much for the info'!
But, could you plz write more details? such as:
1. How did you installed the drivers? (from my expirience, many times the pc dosent install this easily).
I just need the Google oem driver and that's it?
2. When drivers was set - did you made anything in your phones settings? Which?
3. What did you had to do before pushing the files? (Like...put all the files in the same folder? *which files?)
4. And then entered to fastboot mode and typed in these commands in pc:
fastboot devices
fastboot oem unlock
Regarding your last sentence ("or...."):
If i just flash the recovery via fastbot mode I can enter to twrp recovery and it offers to flash the SuperSU?
Sounds to me the best option.
Thanks!
1. The drivers were set from a previous device, so I didn't have to set them, but they can be downloaded and set though.
2. You need to enable developer options and select OEM unlock and USB debugging.
3. I didn't push the files, I just had them on my computer and ran fastboot commands.
4. Those commands are to unlock the bootloader.
There are a lot of different ways to do the same thing (Root, custom recovery, unlock bootloader)
1. Run CF Auto Root on a locked bootloader. It will unlock it automatically (Chainfire has it set that way), root, then download Flashify app and flash the latest img of TWRP.
2. Run fastboot commands to manually unlock the bootloader, flash TWRP, then use TWRP's SuperSU which will root it.
3. Run fastboot commands to unlock bootloader, run CF Autoroot which will root and load SuperSU, then flash TWRP via Flashify or fastboot.
There are many different ways to do the same thing. I actually just googled youtube videos and watched them.
TWRP has SuperSU and root built in. TWRP knows if you don't have it and offers to load it for you.
I went the scenic route just because, but presumably you can achieve all (3) using Option #1 without having to deal with fastboot, adb, etc.....Chainfire's script runs automatically.
I realy try to help people but users that run into problems because of the usage of tookits (and innability to solve problems and/or even lack the most basic knowledge needed) should ask the toolkit dev. for support imo, and not boughter users that have invested time and effort to gain that knowledge to clean up their mess. Period

[How To][Unlock Bootloader - Root] : Huawei Mate 10 (Pro/Standard/Lite)

Since there are some request from other fellow users, i decide to create a dedicated guide thread to show the process of UNLOCKING BOOTLOADER & ROOTING the Huawei Mate 10 (FOR MATE 10 LITE, CHECK BOTTOM OF THE POST)
Warning : Unlocking bootloader and rooting your phone come with a risk of bricked devices, bootlooping, loss of data, etc. I am not responsible for any harm that can happen during the process , ALWAYS MAKE BACKUP FIRST - use Huawei Backup App to backup your data to MicroSD, or get HiSuite ready to reflash your phone in case of brick situation happen
Pre-requisites :
1. "Enable OEM unlock" & "USB Debugging" option turned on from developer options
2. ADB & Fastboot installed on your WINDOWS 7 (YES, Win 10 has problem with Mate 10 Fastboot driver. except you know how to properly install the driver manually i would suggest you do this on Windows 7) - if you havent, search "Minimal ADB & fastboot" on XDA.
UPDATE : Windows 10 driver fix can be found HERE
3. Download FunkyHuawei Tool from : HERE - ALL CREDIT GOES TO FUNKYHUAWEI for PROVIDING THE TOOL
4. Valid Huawei Account logged in on your Mate 10
UNLOCKING BOOTLOADER
1. Go to : emui.huawei.com/en/plugin/unlock/index
2. Log in using your Huawei Account, make one if you dont have it yet
3. "Agree" to Huawei unlocking agreement presented
4. Input all neccessary values related to your device (the one you want to unlock) - IMEI, Model Number etc
5. Click "Commit"
6. You will get a pop up dialog, containing your unlock KEY. Save this key or screenshot the screen, you gonna need it to unlock your phone
7. Now, plug your phone to your PC. Assumed that you got USB debugging enabled, pop up will appear on your phone screen, asking whether you want to allow the PC to access your phone or not. Authorize the request
8. Fire up ADB on your CMD/Terminal. and type
Code:
adb devices
9. Your devices should listed on your adb window, if it isn't, either you didnt install the adb driver properly, or your usb port has problem
10. Now type
Code:
adb reboot bootloader
to reboot your phone to fastboot mode
11. Once the phone is booted up to the fastboot mode screen, type this in your CMD windows :
Code:
fastboot oem unlock [your UNLOCK KEY here]
- without the brackets
12. Confirmation dialog should appear on your phone screen, give you a warning about unlocking bootloader, just go with proceeding the process (YOU WILL LOSS YOUR USER DATA]
13. Once the unlocking process is finished, your phone will boot up to initial set up stage
14. Set up everything up until you can re-enable USB Debugging option in Developer Options (you can skip all account stuff, security and elses, you gonna do it again anyay after ROOTING)
15. Plug back your phone, and from your CMD Windows, retype this code :
Code:
adb reboot bootloader
16. Your phone will rebooted to FASTBOOT MODE again - now close your CMD Windows
ROOTING
1. Now launch "FHMate10Tool.exe" which you have downloaded from the prerequisites step
2. 5 Options will be presented, and the 1st is "Root your Mate 10"
3. Type "1" and hit ENTER
4. few more dialog and instructions will be given, and Rooting process will started
5. Once the process finished, your phone will booted back to initial set up screen with all USERDATA ERASED, but with SuperSU INSTALLED
CONGRATULATION, YOU HAVE ROOTED YOUR MATE 10
Addendum :
FOR MATE 10 LITE ONLY
Use same step to unlock bootloader.
Download TWRP from HERE and SuperSU from attached.
Place SuperSU to MicroSD and place TWRP img file to your directory in PC where fastboot and adb installed
Reboot to fastboot mode,
Execute this command :
Code:
fastboot boot twrp-mate10-lite.img
Your device will boot into temporary TWRP,
Go to Terminal in TWRP and type this :
Code:
echo "systemless = true" /data/.supersu
(Tick the bottom right corner)
go back to TWRP main menu and choose "Install"
Choose external storage and choose the Supersu.zip file and flash it,
Reboot System
Your device should be rooted.
Note : this method wont install TWRP to your device. You can install it using fastboot flash recovery twrp-mate10-lite.img command, but since the TWRP is still in beta stage, i do not recommend it.
Credit to Aonja for Mate 10 Lite TWRP img
Thanks for the info, I'm having difficulty getting a Windows 7 machine going, anyone know how to install the fastboot drivers manually on Windows 10?
Hello. I request that you don’t link directly to the google drive download page of the FunkyHuawei tool but rather if you want to link, link to the Reddit page that explains how to use it.
duraaraa said:
Hello. I request that you don’t link directly to the google drive download page of the FunkyHuawei tool but rather if you want to link, link to the Reddit page that explains how to use it.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Noted, can you give me latest link ?
I was using link that given to me by customer support after purchasing credit
otonieru said:
Noted, can you give me latest link ?
I was using link that given to me by customer support after purchasing credit
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Check your PM for more info.
Basically the idea is, I might update it if a bug is found/fixed, so it should point to the latest version to avoid issues. If we have a direct link, that makes it difficult. Thanks
ballistykx said:
Thanks for the info, I'm having difficulty getting a Windows 7 machine going, anyone know how to install the fastboot drivers manually on Windows 10?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You need to disable driver signature verification on windows 10. And install the huawei driver afterward
duraaraa said:
Check your PM for more info.
Basically the idea is, I might update it if a bug is found/fixed, so it should point to the latest version to avoid issues. If we have a direct link, that makes it difficult. Thanks
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Done
@otonieru , i have mate 10 standard,
- If i rooted the phone would i still receive OTA ? and if i received and installed them, would that brick my phone or just remove the root?
and if my phone ended up being bricked, is it easy to just flash back the rom of huawei using Hisuite ?
- is it easy to unroot the phone back to original, if i needed to use back the warranty? or maybe just flash the huawei rom.
- can the root be hidden ? like magisk ?
Thank you very much for this thread, it is a must ! <3
Two questions (sorry, I'm new to Huawei world...):
1. UNLOCKING BOOTLOADER does not void my warranty, right?
2. Will I loose root when install OTA update?
taddzio said:
Two questions (sorry, I'm new to Huawei world...):
1. UNLOCKING BOOTLOADER does not void my warranty, right?
2. Will I loose root when install OTA update?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
1. Yes, it voids it in most cases, but might depend on your local Huawei region.
2. Yes, you lose root.
---------- Post added at 09:00 PM ---------- Previous post was at 08:58 PM ----------
Shady282 said:
@otonieru , i have mate 10 standard,
- If i rooted the phone would i still receive OTA ? and if i received and installed them, would that brick my phone or just remove the root?
and if my phone ended up being bricked, is it easy to just flash back the rom of huawei using Hisuite ?
- is it easy to unroot the phone back to original, if i needed to use back the warranty? or maybe just flash the huawei rom.
- can the root be hidden ? like magisk ?
Thank you very much for this thread, it is a must ! <3
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
If you root you will apparently still receive OTA. Receiving an OTA will unroot your phone, but should not brick it.
You can't unroot the phone back to original. Even if you relock the bootloader, it will show relocked, not locked. There are tools which you'd need to pay for which can help in that case.
The root cannot be hidden.
Anyone who roots, I urge you, be VERY VERY careful. Huawei phones are very finnicky, brick easily (the Mate 10 even more easily than previous versions), and there is no free way to restore them if they do brick. Even with paid methods,
it's not easy.
duraaraa said:
1. Yes, it voids it in most cases, but might depend on your local Huawei region.
2. Yes, you lose root.
---------- Post added at 09:00 PM ---------- Previous post was at 08:58 PM ----------
If you root you will apparently still receive OTA. Receiving an OTA will unroot your phone, but should not brick it.
You can't unroot the phone back to original. Even if you relock the bootloader, it will show relocked, not locked. There are tools which you'd need to pay for which can help in that case.
The root cannot be hidden.
Anyone who roots, I urge you, be VERY VERY careful. Huawei phones are very finnicky, brick easily (the Mate 10 even more easily than previous versions), and there is no free way to restore them if they do brick. Even with paid methods,
it's not easy.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Dunno but you people are scaring me of rooting huawei tho i have rooted and flashed so many roms on my LG and other phones...
I mean if i follow the procedures and use your tool wouldn't that just work ? or there are factors that may affect it
Shady282 said:
Dunno but you people are scaring me of rooting huawei tho i have rooted and flashed so many roms on my LG and other phones...
I mean if i follow the procedures and use your tool wouldn't that just work ? or there are factors that may affect it
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
The procedure is safe, but it's what you do with the root powers that could cause a brick. If you touch the wrong file on the phone, caput. In the worst case, the phone won't turn on, won't be recognized with USB, and can't be unbricked.
Obviously you're protected from doing that when you don't have root.
I've already lost two test devices to the symptoms described above.
So my opinion is, as the developer of the tool, root only if it's absolutely essential to you. And if you do root, only use the root privilege for things you absolutely must do, or things that have been tested on the phone and proven to be safe. Hopefully you won't brick it, but I need to put out this warning so I'm not blamed if someone does.
Any other down sides to unlocking bootloader and or rooting on this device eg apps auto removed, loss of camera functionality or codecs disabled etc as seen with other devices?
somemadcaaant said:
Any other down sides to unlocking bootloader and or rooting on this device eg apps auto removed, loss of camera functionality or codecs disabled etc as seen with other devices?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
None as i may concern. Android pay wont work though, and some banking app as well. Since those app wont allow rooted phone.
But if you didnt use such an app. Or like me, have another phone for that, then its perfectly fine.
For me, there's more benefit / advantage come from rooting
Example :
1. Effective adblocking (not VPN solution)
2. Removing unneccessary stuff and app
3. Youtube without ads + background play
4. Better battery life (with appops, greenify, and my own GMSDoze)
5. Enabling VoLTE option
6. Audio MOD (gain, and better dual speaker)
7. etc
Fastboot driver fix
Use the fix from DC Unlocker for the fastboot driver under Windows 10
https://www.dc-unlocker.com/huawei-mate-10-fastboot-usb-device-not-recognised-fix
ElMartinoAT said:
Use the fix from DC Unlocker for the fastboot driver under Windows 10
https://www.dc-unlocker.com/huawei-mate-10-fastboot-usb-device-not-recognised-fix
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thx for heads up,
I'll include it in main post soon
otonieru said:
None as i may concern. Android pay wont work though, and some banking app as well. Since those app wont allow rooted phone.
But if you didnt use such an app. Or like me, have another phone for that, then its perfectly fine.
For me, there's more benefit / advantage come from rooting...
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Good point about NFC pay methods, I do use those a lot.
I read a few people here having issues with their devices eg here, Lg devices has a similar issue with camera and missing appps, Samsung devices would lose the IR blaster after bootloader unlock.
somemadcaaant said:
Good point about NFC pay methods, I do use those a lot.
I read a few people here having issues with their devices eg here, Lg devices has a similar issue with camera and missing appps, Samsung devices would lose the IR blaster after bootloader unlock.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Am still using nfc payment, but not android pay.
Android pay is not even working in my country after all.
Nothing is lose after UBL, this UBL method is official from huawei anyway
It may be that after unlocking the bootloader the theme manager does not correctly apply the themes in emui?
Thanks in advance
sonice21 said:
It may be that after unlocking the bootloader the theme manager does not correctly apply the themes in emui?
Thanks in advance
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Working just fine on mine. But experience might be vary.

Categories

Resources